Person: Gabaldón, Patricia
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Patricia
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Gabaldón
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IE University
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IE Business School
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Economics
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Publication The female entrepreneur in rural tourism: Peculiarities of the costa rican case through the review of literature(Universidad de Murcia, 2020) Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn ; Such Devesa, María Jesús ; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75[No abstract available]Publication The board gender diversity imitation game: Uncovering the resistant boards that refuse to play(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Mateos de Cabo, Ruth; Gimeno, Ricardo; Grau, Pilar; Gabaldón, Patricia; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Research question/issue: This study examines the influence of group behavior on board gender diversity and identifies obstacles to its diffusion. It investigates whether boards are influenced by group behavior in determining their gender composition and explores barriers that impede the diffusion process. Research findings/insights: Analyzing a network of over 18,000 US-listed boards observed over 20 years,we find a pattern of mimetic behavior,whereby boards imitate the proportion of women on boards (WoB) among their directly tied boards. We also identify resistant firms with low representation of women on their boards. Our findings suggest that,among those boards,there are heavily male-dominated boards resisting the appointment of women,even when surrounded by women directors among their tied boards. The diffusion of board gender diversity is slowed down by these resistant boards,hindering the overall progress in increasing gender diversity within the board network. Theoretical/academic implications: This research contributes insights into group behavior and resistance in board gender diversity. Adopting a network theory lens,our study sheds light on interactions between firms and their connected companies in terms of imitation practices. Drawing on social identity theory,we highlight the significance of the resistance to increasing women's representation exhibited by some boards. Practitioner/policy implications: Resistant boards,despite group pressure,slow down the diffusion of board gender diversity within the network,leading to overall stagnation. Understanding the sources of resistance allows an exploration of alternative measures to promote diversity without rigid mandates. © 2024 The Authors. Corporate Governance: An International Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Publication Network diffusion of gender diversity on boards: A process of two-speed opposing forces(Public Library of Science, 2022) Gimeno, Ricardo; Cabo, Ruth Mateos de; Grau, Pilar; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Network diffusion processes or how information spreads through networks have been widely examined in numerous disciplines such as epidemiology,physics,sociology,politics,or computer science. In this paper,we extend previous developments by considering a generalization of the diffusion by considering the possibility of differences in the speed of diffusion and reduction depending on the forces’ directions. In this situation,the differential speed of diffusion produces deviations from the standard solution around the average of the initial conditions in the network. In fact,this asymmetry gives rise to non-linear dynamics in which,contrary to the symmetric case,the final solution depends on the topology of the graph as well as on the distribution of the initial values. Counter-intuitively,less central nodes in the network are able to exert a higher influence on the final solution. This behavior applies also for different simulated networks such as random,small-world,and scale-free. We show an example of this kind of asymmetric diffusion process in a real case. To do so,we use a network of US Boards of Directors,where boards are the nodes and the directors working for more than one board,are the links. Changes in the proportion of women serving on each board are influenced by the gradient between adjacent boards. We also show that there is an asymmetry: the gradient is reduced at a slower (faster) rhythm if the board has less (more) women than neighboring boards. We are able to quantify the accumulated effect of this asymmetry from 2000 to 2015 in the overall proportion of women on boards,in a 4.7 percentage points (the proportion should have been an 14.61% instead of the observed 9.93% in 2015). Copyright: © 2022 Gimeno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution LicensePublication The role of financial aid in college performance: the importance of class attendance(Universidad Politecnica de Valencia., 2023) Gabaldón, Patricia; Sivatte, Isabel de; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75We use Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Tinto's (1975) theoretical framework on college dropout to argue how the provision of financial aid relates to undergraduate students' performance. Financial aid enables economically less favored students to pursue high quality university education achieving upward social mobility. We conduct this study using archival data of 4 cohorts of business administration undergraduate students of an international,elite university in Europe. We find that financial aid recipients obtain a higher first-year GPA than non-recipients. This positive relationship is partially mediated by class attendance. Financial aid recipients attend more classes,which also enhances their GPA. Moreover,unexpectedly,we find that the relationship between the amount of aid received and GPA is non-linear,and that merit-based aid and need-based aid increase students' GPA in a similar manner. © 2023 International Conference on Higher Education Advances. All rights reserved.Publication Prácticas y políticas de Compliance y sostenibilidad en América Latina: casos de estudio de Brasil, Chile y México(IE-ELECNOR Observatory on Sustainable Compliance Cultures, 2023-05-09) Garralda Ruíz de Velasco, Joaquín; Miller, Katharina; Gabaldón, Patricia; Garot, Marie José; https://ror.org/00c5kmy11Desde mayo de 2021, tengo el honor de gozar de la confianza del IE-Elecnor Observatory on Sustainable Compliance Cultures, del que soy director académico. Fundado a finales de 2019 por la Fundación IE y la Fundación Elecnor, cuenta con la asistencia técnica del despacho de abogados Eversheds Sutherland. En el Observatorio, combinamos la experiencia de Elecnor y de su Fundación en el fomento de culturas organizativas basadas en una gestión empresarial ética, prácticas de gestión responsable y cumplimiento de la legalidad, con los objetivos de la Fundación IE de contribuir a la mejora de la sociedad mediante proyectos de investigación que aporten soluciones novedosas a los desafíos sociales y del mundo empresarial actual y difundir el conocimiento generado. A través de su trabajo y sus estudios, el Observatorio desea dotar a la sociedad, en general, y al mundo empresarial, en particular, de herramientas para la reflexión acerca de los múltiples desafíos que afrontan las empresas y la sociedad, así como sobre el impacto de sus acciones y omisiones. El cumplimiento normativo y la sostenibilidad afectan no solo a las empresas, sino también a la sociedad en su conjunto. Cuando aquellas no cumplen con lo que las leyes imponen o no operan de manera sostenible, se generan impactos negativos en el medioambiente, en la salud y la seguridad de las personas, así como en la equidad y la economía, entre otros ámbitos. Por tanto, es necesario promover culturas de cumplimiento y sostenibilidad o, dicho de otro modo, culturas corporativas éticas basadas en valores que persigan no solo el cumplimiento de la norma por parte de la organización o la exención de responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica, sino la generación de un impacto positivo en la sociedad y el desarrollo del máximo potencial de las personas, teniendo en cuenta los principios éticos y las expectativas de los diferentes grupos de interés, más allá incluso de las exigencias legales. Con este segundo estudio, titulado Práctica y políticas de compliance y sostenibilidad en América Latina - Casos de estudio de Brasil, Chile y México, se extiende a Latinoamérica el análisis presentado en nuestro primer estudio, Radiografía de la cultura de compliance sostenible en las pymes españolas. Elaborado por un magnífico equipo de investigadores de IE University, refleja las barreras, las oportunidades y las mejores prácticas identificadas durante el análisis de la realidad de cada uno de los países examinados, y expone las lecciones aprendidas con el objetivo de que puedan ser de aplicación tanto en Latinoamérica como en otras partes del mundo. A lo largo de sus páginas, se muestra cómo los conceptos de cumplimiento y sostenibilidad están arraigándose en esta región del continente americano que ha experimentado importantes avances económicos y sociales durante las últimas décadas, pero que aún afronta desafíos significativos en términos de desarrollo sostenible. La publicación de este estudio se alinea con el objetivo que perseguimos desde el Observatorio: convertir esta institución en una referencia internacional en materia de cumplimiento sostenible y en un punto de encuentro académico y empresarial para la generación y difusión de conocimiento en esta disciplina. Es nuestra aspiración fomentar el diálogo y la colaboración entre empresas, instituciones y sociedad civil, y confiamos en que este estudio contribuya a la materialización de ese propósito.Publication Getting More Women on Boards: Cultural and Institutional Antecedents That Matter(SAGE Publications Inc., 2023) Warner Søderholm, Gillian; Seierstad, Cathrine; Åberg, Carl; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the multiple cultural and institutional antecedents which can positively (or negatively) impact the incorporation of more women on corporate boards (WoCB). Many contemporary discourses about quotas versus voluntary actions by corporations as drivers of greater gender diversity on boards are largely based on cross-country mimicking. These discourses often fail to integrate country-level configurations and conditions,as drivers or barriers to change. We advance this research by seeking to understand the complexity of such multiple antecedents to getting WoCB. Results show multiple macro factors involved in getting WoCB in Europe. We test the complex inter-relations of factors such as legislation,cultural,societal,economic,political,and institutional variables,and their effects. Findings highlight important drivers of more women on boards such as gender equality in political empowerment and institutional settings; government-regulated maternity and paternity leave; specific legislative or soft quota policies; and societal cultural variables,such as (low) power distance and (high) assertiveness,as drivers of getting WoCB. These results prove the need to consider and complement legislative policies to specific cultural and institutional conditions in each country. To help policymakers,we provide insights into which multiple macro factors act as drivers or barriers in their organizations or societies for getting more WoCB. This will help decision makers in organizations or policymaking bodies to match gender diversity goals to the multiple country-level conditions they need to navigate,hence making a better world together. © The Author(s) 2023.Publication Gender diversity on corportate boards: directors' perceptions of board functioning and gender quotas(Virtus Interpress, 2023) Arnardottir, Audur Arna; Sigurjonsson, Throstur Olaf; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This research explores how increased gender diversity on corporate boards in Iceland,driven by applying a ?hard? public policy,i.e.,board gender quota legislation,has affected post-quota board directors‘ perceptions of board functioning. This study falls into the growing literature on board diversity (Boshanna,2021; Li et al.,2020). Directors‘ opinions towards board decision-making and monitoring activities are researched,as well as their effect on corporate governance practices. A survey was answered by 244 board directors in Iceland. Results show that the initial attitude towards gender quotas was more negative among male directors than female directors but became more similar and positive over time. Strong support is found for increased female board participation leading to different viewpoints being discussed at the board table in addition to better decision-making. A similar picture emerges regarding the behavior of holding chief executive officers (CEOs) accountable and being more focused on corporate governance practices. These results were significantly the view of female directors and directors chairing the assessed board. Male directors are more negative than their female counterparts about the short-term effect of increased female participation is having on board dynamics. This research indicates that a gender quota has led to increased female board participation in addition to impacting decision-making corporate norms,according to directors,as policymakers intended. © 2023 The Authors.Publication Awakenings: An authentic leadership development program to break the glass ceiling(MDPI AG, 2021) Martínez Martínez, Miryam; Molina López, Manuel ; Cabo, Ruth Mateos de; González Pérez, Susana; Izquierdo, Gregorio; Gabaldón, Patricia; Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Universidad San Pablo - CEU; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Companies are vital agents in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. One key role that businesses can play in achieving the 5th Sustainable Development Goal on gender equality is implementing training programs for their women executives so they can reach top corporate leadership positions. In this paper,we test the effectiveness of an Authentic Leadership Development (ALD) program for women executives. By interviewing 32 participants from this ALD program and building on authentic leadership theory,we find that this program lifts women participants’ self-efficacy perception,as well as their self-resolution to take control of their careers. The driver for both results is a reflective thinking process elicited during the program that leads women to abandon the stereotype of a low status role and lack of self-direction over time. Through the relational authenticity developed during the program,women participants develop leadership styles that are more congenial with their gender group,yet highly accepted by the in-group leader members,which enhances their social capital. After the program,the women participants flourished as authentic leaders,were able to activate and foster their self-esteem and social capital,and enhanced their agency in career advancement,increasing their likelihood of breaking the glass ceiling. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.Publication Women Directors and Corporate Social Performance: An Integrative Review of the Literature and a Future Research Agenda(Springer Nature, 2022-01-17) Campopiano, Giovanna; Gabaldón, Patricia; Gimenez Jimenez, Daniela; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This paper presents a literature review offering a thorough and critical systematization of articles investigating the influence of women directors on corporate social performance (CSP). We review the state-of-the-art literature in terms of its key assumptions, theories, and conceptualization of CSP. Our analysis shows a misfit between the theorization and operationalization of gender diversity, especially in quantitative empirical studies, which represent the majority of articles. In our overview of both conceptual and empirical studies, we identified three main theoretical dimensions, which are contingent upon board-level and institution-level dimensions. Based on our proposed framework, we call for future researchers to focus on novel research questions and innovative research designs to investigate women’s contributions to CSP and challenge the theoretical assumptions about the role of women on boards.Publication Factores de éxito en el emprendimiento femenino turístico rural en Costa Rica(Universidad de Alicante, 2021-07-15) Gabaldón, Patricia; Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn; Such Deves, María Jesús; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This research article aims to define the profile of Costa Rican women entrepreneurs in the rural tourism sector and to determine whether their characteristics and those of their ventures are related to their performance. A mixed methodology has been adopted based on semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The results highlight the importance of family support and contact networks as essential elements for the development of successful enterprises. Family and networks provide two essential elements for the success of women entrepreneurs: access to finance and the formalization of their business. It is particularly important to point out the contribution of this research to the under-studied field of rural entrepreneurs, given their contributions to reducing poverty for which access to information has traditionally been very limited.