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Jacobsson, Johanna

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Johanna
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Jacobsson
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IE University
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Start date: 2018 ×

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    Brexit and the Professional Services Sector – What Future for UK Professionals in Europe?
    (2020-02-24) Jacobsson, Johanna; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
    Professional services form an important part of the UK economy. Their role is even bigger if their contribution to other key sectors, such as financial services, is taken into consideration. This working paper focuses on the provision of professional services between the EU and the UK under the pending Withdrawal Agreement as well as under the new economic relationship that the two parties are starting to formulate. The EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement provides a transition period until 31 December 2020 during which the UK continues to apply the entire body of EU law. The non-binding Political Declaration on the future EU-UK relationship recognises the need to agree on market access and non-discriminatory treatment for service providers and appropriate arrangements on professional qualifications. However, the level of the commitments depends on the UK’s willingness to adhere to the so-called level playing field, referring to the standards required by the EU in the areas of social and economic policy. As the UK is still doing its soul-searching in this regard, it is too early to say what the future framework for the services sector will look like. This uncertainty highlights the need for UK’s professional service firms to consider the need to restructure their EU operations during the transition period.
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    Services Liberalization by Federations and Federal-Type Structures: What Approach to Sub-Central Measures?
    (Society of International Economic Law (SIEL), Sixth Biennial Global Conference, 2018-08-06) Jacobsson, Johanna; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
    The paper addresses an issue that has so far been left to little attention in literature dealing with international trade in services. It asks how services liberalization is conducted by countries that have a federal structure and where services are not regulated only on the level of the central government but also by various sub-national entities. Some of the most powerful nations, such as the United States and Canada, have divided competencies over services regulation. So does the European Union which due to its common trade policy can in its external trade relations be contrasted with federal states. The paper analyzes the different ways in which federations and other federal-type structures engage in international services liberalization by using the EU, US and Canada as examples. In order to shed more light on their treaty practice and to see to what extent sub-central levels of government appear in their services schedules, the paper reviews the GATS commitments as well as the services commitments that the EU, US and Canada have made in some of their recent PTAs. The paper shows that there are crucial differences in the way that these federal entities engage in international services liberalization. The paper also draws more far-reaching conclusions on the approach to take towards liberalization commitments by sub-central levels of government and assesses the effect that they have, or rather the effect that the lack of such commitments has, on the liberalization levels reached in modern trade agreements.