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21st Leadership styles
(Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, 2023) Villace Fernández, Carlos ; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The 21st century led to a new concept of leadership as the result of new political,economic,social and cultural scenarios,and one of the most relevant factors is the globalized environment to which organizations and institutions are involved. In this stage new leadership,networking,charismatic,changing,and global requirements of organizations and institutions are addressed. © 2023,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. All rights reserved.
A Critical Examination of a Third Employment Category for On- Demand Work (In Comparative Perspective)
(Cambridge University Press, 2018-11-18) Cherry, Miriam; Aloisi, Antonio; Davidson, Nestor M.; Finck, Michele; Infranca, John J.; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
During the past fi ve years there have been a number of lawsuits in the United States as well as in Europe challenging the employment classifi cation of workers in the gig economy. Classification of a worker as an employee is an important “gateway” to determine who receives the protections of the labor and employment laws, including the right to organize, minimum wage, and unemployment compensation, as well as other obligations such as tax treatment. In response to both litigation and widespread confusion about how gig workers should be classifi ed, some commentators have proposed a “third” or “hybrid” category, situated between the categories of “employee” and “independent contractor.” Proponents often note that creating a third category would be a novel innovation, appropriately crafted and tailored for an era of digital platform work. However, as we have noted in a previous article, such an intermediate category of worker is actually not new. In this chapter we will provide snapshot summaries of fi ve legal systems that have experimented with implementing a legal tool similar to a third category to cover non- standard workers: in Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, and South Korea. These various legal systems have had diverse results. There has been success in some instances, and misadventure in others. We believe that examining these experiences closely will help to avoid potential problems that are beginning to surface in discussions about the third category and the gig economy. This chapter largely will forgo the background on how platforms operate or the description of the tasks workers do, instead focusing on the classification problem.
A macro-level investigation of transatlantic controlling shareholder's fiduciary duty
(Cambridge University Press, 2021-06-27) Anidjar, Leon; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Legal systems around the world apply various strategies to mitigate agency costs between controlling and minority shareholders. A systematic review of the transnational law on the loyalty and care obligations of controlling shareholders reveals various doctrinal choices. This study aims to uncover the evolution of these choices by employing a law-in-context methodology. Accordingly, it seeks to explain the differences in governance selections by exploring the cultural, historical and socio-economic backgrounds of the particular legal systems in which organisations and decisions are embodied. I conduct a macro-level inquiry which focuses on the cultural environment and business history development to understand different doctrinal designs. In particular, I argue that those dissimilarities are a result of unique cultural-non-formal norms of corporate governance regarding the protection afforded to shareholders’ interests and they correspond to the historical development of the law of corporate groups across nations. As the macro-level investigation indicates, any initiative to globally converge corporate law and governance should be carried out with caution because it may distort the delicate normative equilibrium represented in a given jurisdiction.
A Public Service Role For Digital Libraries: The Unequal Battle Against (Online) Misinformation Through Copyright Law Reform And The Emergency Electronic Access To Library Material
(SSRN, 2021-03-26) Panezi, Argyri
This article analyzes the role of copyright doctrine and case law in preserving the institutional function of libraries—both on- and offline—as trusted and, in principle, neutral hubs equalizing access to credible information and knowledge in societies with structural inequalities. In doing so it examines the ongoing Hachette v. Internet Archive litigation before the US District Court of the Southern District of New York in the context of earlier copyright cases, finding that there is a persistent need for electronic access to library material online. Libraries have traditionally served an important role as reserved spaces for legally permissible distribution of books outside of markets. Copyright law, however, has the potential to hinder the fuction of libraries and other cultural heritage institutions particularly in equalizing access to knowledge. While there exist some exceptions and limitations that partially alleviate this, their applicability in the digital environment is still contested. Two novel challenges are interfering: first, an unmet and contentious need for emergency access to electronic library material to be granted online, and second, the need to counteract historical biases and misinformation, both of which multiply when spread within a hyper-connected and digitized society. In order to ensure electronic access to credible information and knowledge, policymakers must address these challenges strategically and reassess the needs of subjects and institutions that are currently subject to copyright exceptions. Hachette v. Internet Archive follows a string of copyright cases that involved challenges to digitization without permission and to providing electronic access to digitized library material. The plaintiffs in Hachette v. Internet Archive, four publishers, brought copyright claims against the Internet Archive for the latter’s operation of a “National Emergency Library” within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The case introduces a new dimension to existing debates around electronic access to library material, particularly around e-lending, raising the question: Can emergencies justify additional exceptions to copyright laws covering electronic access to library material, and if so, under what circumstances? After analyzing the relevant settled case law and the ongoing litigation against the Internet Archive and then looking back into the history of and rationale for copyright laws, the article advances a normative claim—that copyright should provide better support to libraries and digital libraries in particular (broadly defined) as the institutional safeguards of our literary treasures. Libraries have a public service mandate to preserve, curate, and provide access to a plurality of original and authoritative sources, and thus ultimately aspire not to compete in the marketplace but to become trusted hubs that equalize access to knowledge. In the context of a society currently struggling to fight historical biases and (online) misinformation, providing libraries with the legal support needed to fulfill this mandate will enable them to more effectively safeguard and provide equal access to (at least relatively) credible information and knowledge, including in the digital environment.
A Solution in Search of a Problem? Collective Rights and the Antitrust Labour Exemption in Italy
(Cambridge University Press, 2022-05) Aloisi, Antonio; Gramano, Elena; Paul, Sanjukta; McCrystal, Shae; McGaughey, Ewan; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
This chapter investigates potential conflicts arising in the Italian legal framework between collective labour rights and the application of competition law to the constellation of personal labour relations that escape binary taxonomies. Its overarching goal is to understand whether and to what extent concerted wage-fixing practices are granted a special immunity. Historical evidence suggests that collective agreements covering the kaleidoscopic group of non-standard workers have never been targeted by the Italian competition authority. We situate the examination of labour antitrust exemption in the broader picture of the adequacy of the current mechanisms of “collective self-regulation” for self-employed workers. This chapter illustrates the Constitutional framework and case law developments on whether self-employed workers fall within the personal scope of collective rights. It also argues that several provisions corroborate that the Italian lawmaker often entrusts social partners in regulating specific aspects of the relationship of certain categories of self-employed workers. The chapter also presents a selection of collective agreements for non-standard workers, and then discusses how long-established trade unions have included non-standard workers in their membership through multiple, not necessarily successful, attempts. Finally, it presents practical hurdles that make it difficult to build impactful solidarity amongst non-standard workers.
“A Worker is a Worker is a Worker” Collective Bargaining and Platform Work, the Case of Deliveroo Couriers
(SSRN, 2019) Aloisi, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The focus of this commentary is the compatibility of Section 296(1)(b) of the 1992 Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (TULR(C)A) with Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), insofar as it excludes workers who do not provide their service personally from being represented by a union on the negotiation of pay and terms and conditions of work. The case shows how the domestic term worker may be equivocal and its interpretation seems at odds with various international standards, including the ILO’s instruments. This confusion raises the question of whether steps should be taken to “bring domestic law into alignment [with European law] in the interests of legal certainty.”
Abuse of Power and Self-Entrenchment as a State Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Role of Parliaments, Courts and the People
(SSRN, 2021-06-08) Kouroutakis, Antonios; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The World Health Organization, on March 11th, declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a pandemic and while the pandemic is still spreading, and some counties are affected more than others, governments have had to respond, given that SARS-CoV2(Covid-19) poses a serious public health threat. In their responses, governments have adopted emergency measures balancing public health with a plethora of rights such as freedom of movement, right to assembly and freedom to religion. In liberal constitutional theory, the norm is that during emergencies power is concentrated in the hands of the executive. Interestingly due to the nature of the pandemic, in some countries, such as in Hungary, parliamentary sessions were suspended, in others such as in Greece and the UK they were either under function or gone virtually via online platforms respectively. This limited function of the legislative body has grave implications on the quality of modern democracy as parliamentary scrutiny is restricted, ministerial accountability is distorted and most importantly the voice of the opposition does not have an appropriate forum to be heard. On the top of that, a well established stance of deference prevails in the judiciary weakening judicial review as an extra mechanism of protection to monitor the political process. Such constitutional circumstances may give rise to abuse of executive power and application of policies for self-serving purposes and self-entrenchment. For instance, the government may allocate funding in a way to favor its reelection. The aim of this paper it to examine legitimate and illegitimate executive self-entrenchment in times of emergency and identify the role of different institutions, to monitor and scrutinize executive emergency actions.
Access to evidence: the "discloruse scheme" of the damages directive
(IE University, 2022-07-15) Marcos, Francisco; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Like with other harms for which compensation may be sought, evidence of harmful antitrust wrongs is essential for the success of damages' claims. In the context of most antitrust infringements, the information asymmetry between the parties and the difficulties faced by claimants to access probative evidence in support of their actions is severe. In the European Union, the tools available to the parties for discovery and access to evidence in adversarial processes for antitrust damages claims are governed by national law, but the rules in force in Member States should respect the principle of effectiveness. To help filling the information vacuum of the parties, the Damages Directive introduced a novel 'disclosure scheme', designed to ease the access to evidence necessary by both parties to prove their claims or counterclaims. This chapter examines how Member States have implemented the Directive in this regard and the common problems seemingly faced by them. It also looks at the early experience of the use and functioning of the ‘disclosure scheme’. In addition, alternative tools for obtaining evidence that might be used in connection with antitrust damages proceedings are also analyzed, particularly access to the files of Competition Authorities for follow-on claims.
Accountability through Environmental and Social Reporting byWind Energy Sector Companies in Spain
(MDPI, 2020) Moseñe Fierro, José Antonio; Sanagustín Fons, María Victoria; Álvarez Alonso, César; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
At present,energy transition is a crucial phenomenon that is at the very heart of governmental policies. There are a huge number of stakeholders involved in the change,but among these,the main socioeconomic actors that affect environmental and social impacts are energy companies. In this research,we analyze their institutionalized role in the Spanish wind energy sector,in the framework of the ecological movement. We consult the special views,opinions and motivations given by managers responsible for Institutional Relations in the main wind energy companies in Spain,and their perceptions of environmental reporting. We therefore tackle aspects related to the drivers of the social and environmental disclosure of environmental and social information. Research has been carried out based on documentary secondary analysis,and the use of a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews has revealed tendencies and pressures in the sector. Results suggest that the social context and public opinion pressure organizations to reveal environmental and social information. We also put forward how information is conveyed to the society through accountability practices,and the different institutionalized ways in which this is achieved. © 2020 by the authors.
Actividad De Promoción Y Fomento
(2024-09-02) Pastor Merchante, Fernando; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
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Actividades esenciales, trabajo a distancia y vigilancia digital. Estrategias para hacer frente al panóptico de la pandemia de COVID-19
(Wiley, 2022-06-02) Aloisi, Antonio; European Union's Horizon 2020; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
La expansión de la vigilancia digital a raíz de la COVID-19 ha reconfigurado las relaciones de poder en los entornos profesionales. Aquí se analiza críticamente la interacción entre esa vigilancia intrusiva y la ampliación de las prerrogativas empresariales en el lugar de trabajo físico y digital. Con la supervisión excesiva como denominador común de las actividades «esenciales» y «distanciables», se estudian los inconvenientes para ambas categorías de trabajadores durante la pandemia (y después). Se evalúa la idoneidad del marco jurídico de la Unión Europea para abordar la gestión basada en datos. El diálogo social, el empoderamiento de los trabajadores y la alfabetización digital se consideran formas eficaces de promover la flexibilidad, el bienestar y la competitividad.
Activités essentielles, télétravail et surveillance numérique: l'effet panoptique de la pandémie
(Wiley, 2022-06-07) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Avec la pandémie, les pratiques de surveillance numérique ont explosé sur les lieux de travail physiques et virtuels, modifiant les rapports de force professionnels, au profit de l'employeur. Tant les travailleurs essentiels que les télétravailleurs ont fait les frais de cette évolution, qui risque de survivre à la crise. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs s'interrogent sur l'adéquation du cadre juridique européen sur la protection des données. Pour eux, le dialogue social, l'autonomisation des travailleurs et la maîtrise des techniques numériques figurent parmi les moyens à mobiliser pour améliorer la protection des travailleurs tout en promouvant la flexibilité, le bien-être et la compétitivité.
Alcance y límites de la responsabilidad solidaria por los daños causados por el cártel de fabricantes de automóviles
(IE University, 2022-09-20) Marcos, Francisco; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
En las infracciones de las prohibiciones antitrust con pluralidad de partícipes la identificación del daño y su secuencia de producción causal serán determinantes en la determinación del perímetro de responsabilidad solidaria entre los co-infractores por los daños causados. Aunque una eventual decisión previa de la infracción por la autoridad de competencia proporciona un presupuesto fáctico y jurídico que el juez civil no puede ignorar, la caracterización de la conducta infractora como una “infracción única y continuada” no se traducirá necesariamente en que la responsabilidad solidaria de quienes participaron en ella. Corresponde al juez civil comprobar si la infracción produjo daño e indagar sobre el nexo de causalidad entre las conductas infractoras y los eventuales perjuicios. La responsabilidad solidaria de los co-infractores sirve a los objetivos de tutelar el derecho de los perjudicados a obtener una compensación y de disuadir la participación en las conductas prohibidas, pero su fundamentación requiere la concurrencia causal de la conducta de una pluralidad de sujetos; de modo que la solidaridad no opera cuando puedan identificarse daños e itinerarios de producción causal distintos a partir de conductas que puedan diferenciarse. En cambio, las posibles variaciones en la intensidad de la conducta infractora de cada co-partícipe en la infracción -y, por ende, de su contribución al daño- no excluyen su responsabilidad solidaria frente a los perjudicados, aunque sea determinante del ulterior reparto en las eventuales acciones de repetición entre los co-inftractores.
Algoritmos e inteligencia artificial en el entorno laboral
(Tirant Lo Blanch, 2024-01-25) Aloisi, Antonio; Montero Pascual, José Manuel; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
El presente libro forma parte del Curso de Derecho digital, conjunto de tres tomos que, en forma de manual, proporciona una introducción sencilla pero rigurosa a las transformaciones que la digitalización está generando en nuestro Derecho. A este tomo de introducción se suma un segundo sobre la regulación de los servicios digitales, y un tercero sobre protección de datos
An introduction to comparative law and its rise in an interconnected world
(IE University, 2022-04-07) Alvear Garijo, Cristóbal; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The globalisation of the legal profession and the interrelationship of the legal world are among the significant factors behind the rise of comparative law nowadays, although multiple academic discussions remain open about it (Part I). As an academic discipline that analyses legal diversity worldwide to promote legal knowledge, legal advancement and legal harmonisation, comparative law should not be confused with other areas of law such as private international law (Part II). Thus, the object of comparative law is the study of legal phenomena in various legal environments, bearing in mind that national legal systems are unique according to their historical, political and social circumstances but at the same time shaped by shared legal traditions and thus classifiable among legal families (Part III). Although several methodologies have traditionally been observed, including the mainstream functional method, nowadays a combined methodology of different analyses and approaches is preferred to perform comprehensively comparative law (Part IV). Consequently, a holistic definition for comparative law as an academic discipline and as a legal horizon for the new generation of legal professionals is ultimately suggested in this working paper (Part V).
An unfinished task? Matching the Platform Work Directive with the EU and international "social acquis"
(2023) Aloisi, Antonio; Rainone, Silvia; Countouris, Nicola; European Union’s Erasmus+; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Besides straining international, regional and national employment status classification models, digital labour platforms are pioneering new strategies and approaches in terms of algorithmic management, digital surveillance, remote work and cross-border outsourcing, which are increasingly being adopted in more conventional sectors of the economy. Developments in the platform economy are thus crucial in providing a stress test for the resilience of existing labour standards, as well as providing useful input in terms of the reforms needed to ensure their suitability, the collective interest representation and mobilization aspects comprehended by rapidly changing labour markets. This paper seeks to explore the key emerging regulatory dimensions of platform work. It contextualizes the challenges associated with platform work as an expression of the consolidated features that, in the past decades, have been transforming the labour market: non-standardization and the deregulation of employment relationships. Following that, it considers the definition of the personal scope of application as a key challenge faced by essentially all attempts to regulate platform work. It does so primarily by exploring the functions and operations of a legal device known as “presumption of employment”, currently being considered by the proposed EU directive on platform work as a key tool to address the complex employment status classification questions that have surrounded the “gig economy” since its emergence. The paper then provides a conceptual cartography of the various EU regulatory instruments (both existing ones and those currently in the legislative pipeline) that will, jointly, define the legal mosaic of labour rights applicable to the heterogeneous phenomenon of platform work in the years to come.
Análisis de la litigiosidad administrativa y contenciosoadministrativa en materia de responsabilidad patrimonial
(Centro de Investigación de Justicia Administrativa, 2021-10-28) Pastor Merchante, Fernando; Díez Sastre, Silvia; Esteban Miguel, Alfonso; González Alonso, Alicia; Marco Peñas, Ester; Martín Delgado, Isaac; Martínez Sánchez, César; Pastor Merchante, Fernando; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
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Análisis sistemático de la aplicación pública del derecho de la competencia por las autoridades nacionales en España 2003-2022
(IE Law School, 2023-07-07) Marcos, Francisco; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Este trabajo analiza sistemáticamente las resoluciones dictadas en los últimos veinte años por la autoridad española de la competencia en aplicación de las prohibiciones de conductas anti-competitivas contenidas en la Ley de Defensa de la Competencia (LDC) y el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la UE (TFUE).Se han identificado todas las decisiones de aplicación pública de las prohibiciones en ese período. Las resoluciones se han clasificado a partir de la identificación de la forma de inicio de la investigación (denuncia, ex oficio, clemencia), los preceptos infringidos (tanto del TFUE como de la LDC) y el tipo de conducta anticompetitiva investigadas, la decisión final adoptada y, en su caso, los remedios impuestos (incluyendo también la existencia o no de ponentes o de votos particulares).En el periodo objeto de análisis la autoridad española de competencia adoptó 943 resoluciones sobre infracciones de las prohibiciones de conductas multilaterales, unilaterales y prácticas desleales de relevancia antitrust. Casi un tercio del total de las decisiones impusieron multas por importe que supera los 3.300 millones de euros.El examen sistemático de las decisiones de la autoridad española de competencia muestra la interpretación y el alcance que las autoridades de competencia españolas han dado a los tipos de las prohibiciones que disciplinan la conducta de los operadores en el mercado. Como es sabido, en el período analizado se ha modificado en varias ocasiones tanto la legislación sustantiva en materia de defensa de la competencia como las instituciones encargadas de su aplicación y los procedimientos seguidos. La praxis decisoria de la autoridad de competencia construye un relevante cuerpo doctrinal y permite evaluar el rendimiento y la productividad de las autoridades de competencia, y la fuerza disuasoria de las prohibiciones. Adicionalmente, el análisis exhaustivo de todas las resoluciones dictadas a lo largo de veinte años se pueden identificar algunos patrones y cambios en la actuación de la autoridad española de competencia en sus expedientes de investigación y sanciones.
Anti-democratic political parties as a threat to democracy: Models of reaction and the strategic democracy
(Thomson Reuters, 2018-12-01) Kouroutakis, Antonios; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
There is a consensus among policymakers, lawmakers, legal scholars and ‘we the people’ in the western world, that democracy is a blessing. However, how do we defend democracy from anti-democratic political parties that aim to overthrow the democratic regime by abusing the guarantees and the tolerance of democracy? This article argues that there are three public policy options: the traditional model that permits the dissolution of anti-democratic political parties; the business as usual model, that regulates such parties with ordinary administrative law and controls the conduct of their members via ordinary criminal law; and finally, the strategic model that employs an electoral system according to which political parties, like the anti-democratic, having more enemies than supporters are ostracized. That said, this article argues that whilst electoral law is the most rule-of-law based mechanism to safeguard democracies from anti-democratic parties, not all electoral systems are capable. Only the electoral systems that allow for ‘strategic voting’ can be employed for this purpose.
Antitrust damages' claims in Spain
(IE University, 2020-10-15) Marcos, Francisco; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Tras describir brevemente el marco institucional y legal de las reclamaciones de daños y perjuicios por infracciones del Derecho de la competencia en España, este trabajo analiza la experiencia de nuestros tribunales en la decisión de estas acciones y muestra el aumento de las demandas follow-on en casos de cárteles en los últimos cinco años. Adicionalmente, las reclamaciones por daños y perjuicios por infracciones de la competencia declaradas o conocidas con posterioridad al 27 de mayo de 2017 se regirán por las disposiciones legales nacionales que trasponen la Directiva 2014/104/UE. Aunque en el pasado ha habido algunos pronunciamientos sobre daños por abuso de posición dominante y restricciones verticales (tanto follow-on como stand-alone), ahora las acciones follow-on en caso de cárteles son las más numerosas. En ellas, los demandantes privados “pisan los talones” a las autoridades de competencia. El descubrimiento por parte de las autoridades de competencia de algunos carteles en varias industrias ha allanado el camino para las demandas por daños de sus víctimas. Después de que el Tribunal Supremo dictara dos sentencias pioneras sobre la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados por el cártel del azúcar, se han planteado sucesivas reclamaciones de daños por los afectados por el cártel de los sobres de papel, el cártel de los seguros inmobiliarios decenales y, sobre todo, el cártel de los fabricantes de camiones. After briefly describing the institutional and l egal framework for antitrust damages claims in Spain, this article surveys the courts’ experience in deciding these actions and shows the rise in cartel follow-on claims in the last five years. Damages claims for antitrust infringements declared or known after the 27 May 2017 will be governed by national legal provisions implementing Directive 2014/104/UE. Although there had been in the past some antitrust damages cases for abuse of dominance and vertical restraints (both follow-on and stand-alone), nowadays follow-on cartel actions are the most numerous. Therein, private plaintiffs tread on the heels of competition authorities. Competition authorities’ unearthing of major cartels in several industries has paved the way for damages suits by their victims. After the Supreme Court decided the leading case of damages’ claims in the sugar cartel, follow-on on damages claims have germinated from the paper envelopes cartel, the decennial real estate insurance cartel and, most notably, the truck manufacturers’ cartel.

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