Person: Santos, David
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David
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Santos
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IE University
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IE Business School
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Human Resources and Organisational Behaviour
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Publication Refinement of the Analysis-Holism Scale: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation of two shortened measures of analytic versus holistic thinking in Spain and the United States(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-02) MartÃn Fernández, Manuel; Requero, Blanca; Zhou, Xiaozhou; Gonçalves, Dilney; Santos, David; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Holistic-analytic thinking styles are tools that allow us to process information in different ways as well as serving as strategies that help us navigate the world in the various domains of life,such as making causal attributions or categorizing. The Analysis-Holism Scale (AHS) is a 24-item scale that was developed to examine systematic cognitive differences regarding holistic-analytic thinking style. However,its length could be a potential problem for studies where space and time are limited. The aim of the present research is to assess the psychometric properties of the AHS items in order to assemble two shortened versions. To this end,we considered the assessment of item content conducted by a panel of experts and also the conceptual model and the latent structure of the original measure,preserving its psychometric properties. Across five independent samples (N = 2,254),the full-length scale was shortened to assemble one brief version with 12 items (AHS-12) and another one with only 4 items (AHS-4). Their latent structures were examined conducting a series of confirmatory factor analyses,the measurement invariance of these instruments was assessed across two different cultures (America and Spanish) and validity was examined based on its relationship with other constructs and experimental tasks. The results showed that the latent structures of both shortened versions were stable in different samples,that were invariant across two different cultures,and presented adequate evidence of validity. Hence,the AHS-12 and the AHS-4 can allow researchers a brief and precise evaluation of cognitive styles in contexts where time is limited,with the AHS-12 being a better candidate for the short version of AHS compared to the AHS-4. © 2021 The Author(s)Publication Power can increase but also decrease cheating depending on what thoughts are validated(Academic Press Inc., 2024) Lamprinakos, Grigorios; Stavraki, Maria; Briñol, Pablo; Magrizos, Solon; Petty, Richard; Santos, David; University of Birmingham; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Prior research has shown that power is associated with cheating. In the present research,we showcase that higher power can increase but also decrease cheating,depending on the thoughts validated by the feelings of power. In two experiments,participants were first asked to generate either positive or negative thoughts about cheating. Following this manipulation of thought direction,participants were placed in either high or low power conditions. After the two inductions,cheating was measured using different paradigms – assessing cheating intentions in relationships (Study 1) and over reporting performance for monetary gain (Study 2). Relative to powerless participants,those induced to feel powerful showed more reliance on the initial thoughts induced. Consequently,the effect of the direction of the thoughts on cheating was greater for participants with high (vs. low) power. Specifically,high power increased cheating only when initial thoughts about cheating were already favorable but decreased cheating when it validated unfavorable cheating relevant thoughts. © 2023 The AuthorsPublication Improving attitudes towards minority groups by thinking about the thoughts and meta-cognitions of their members(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022-12-12) MartÃnez, RocÃo; Briñol, Pablo; Petty, Richard; Santos, David; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Research on persuasion has shown that for attitudes to change people need to take into consideration not only the thoughts message recipients generate in response to proposals but also how people think about their own thoughts (metacognition). In the present research,we introduce a new perspective for improving outgroup attitudes focused on the distinction between cognition and metacognition but this time applied to the perceptions of others’ minds. Specifically,we examined to what extent thinking about the mental processes of outgroup members influences attitudes towards those outgroups. We compared the impact of thinking about how others think (perceived primary cognition) with how others think about their own thoughts (perceived secondary cognition or metacognition). In the primary cognition treatment,participants answered questions about the thinking processes of outgroup members. In the secondary cognition treatment,participants answered questions that required them to consider how outgroup members think about their own thoughts (i.e.,metacognition). Compared to controls,these treatments were capable of improving attitudes of Spanish citizens towards Syrian refugees,South American immigrants,and Roma people. A third study used a minimal group paradigm in which a fictitious outgroup was described as having primary (vs. secondary) cognition. A final study also tested the implications of assuming that groups have one type of cognition or another. The effects of the two treatments varied depending on the type of outgroup. © 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.