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Publication Awakenings: An authentic leadership development program to break the glass ceiling(MDPI AG, 2021) Martínez Martínez, Miryam; Molina López, Manuel ; Cabo, Ruth Mateos de; González Pérez, Susana; Izquierdo, Gregorio; Gabaldón, Patricia; Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Universidad San Pablo - CEU; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Companies are vital agents in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. One key role that businesses can play in achieving the 5th Sustainable Development Goal on gender equality is implementing training programs for their women executives so they can reach top corporate leadership positions. In this paper,we test the effectiveness of an Authentic Leadership Development (ALD) program for women executives. By interviewing 32 participants from this ALD program and building on authentic leadership theory,we find that this program lifts women participants’ self-efficacy perception,as well as their self-resolution to take control of their careers. The driver for both results is a reflective thinking process elicited during the program that leads women to abandon the stereotype of a low status role and lack of self-direction over time. Through the relational authenticity developed during the program,women participants develop leadership styles that are more congenial with their gender group,yet highly accepted by the in-group leader members,which enhances their social capital. After the program,the women participants flourished as authentic leaders,were able to activate and foster their self-esteem and social capital,and enhanced their agency in career advancement,increasing their likelihood of breaking the glass ceiling. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.Publication Can economic incentives for joint custody harm children of divorced parents? Evidence from state variation in child support laws(Elsevier, 2021-09) Fernández Kranz, Daniel; Roff, Jennifer; Sun, Hugette; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75US state laws vary widely in the treatment of child support under joint custody. While some states require no child support in joint custody cases, other states require fathers with joint custody to pay the same amount as if they had no custody. The economic incentives generated by those custody laws can affect family decisions and the wellbeing of children of divorced parents, both under joint and sole custody. Merging child data from the SIPP with state child support guidelines, we find that economic incentives for joint custody have negative effects on the human capital development and health of children of divorced parents. Custody data together with parental characteristics and time use data suggest that economic incentives for joint custody may limit children's time spent with relatively high-quality mothers, as fathers pursue joint custody in response to the policy. We do not find an effect of economic incentives for joint custody on the probability of divorce and on the wellbeing of children in intact families. Our results are robust to specification changes, and the negative effects of economic incentives for joint custody on the wellbeing of children tend to be larger for girls and for children aged 12 and under.Publication Earthquakes on the surface: earthquake location and area based on more than 14 500 ShakeMaps(European Geoscience Union, 2018-06-20) Lackner, Stephanie; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Earthquake impact is an inherently interdisciplinary topic that receives attention from many disciplines. The natural hazard of strong ground motion is the reason why earthquakes are of interest to more than just seismologists. However, earthquake shaking data often receive too little attention by the general public and impact research in the social sciences. The vocabulary used to discuss earthquakes has mostly evolved within and for the discipline of seismology. Discussions on earthquakes outside of seismology thus often use suboptimal concepts that are not of primary concern. This study provides new theoretic concepts as well as novel quantitative data analysis based on shaking data. A dataset of relevant global earthquake ground shaking from 1960 to 2016 based on USGS ShakeMap data has been constructed and applied to the determination of past ground shaking worldwide. Two new definitions of earthquake location (the shaking center and the shaking centroid) based on ground motion parameters are introduced and compared to the epicenter. These definitions are intended to facilitate a translation of the concept of earthquake location from a seismology context to a geographic context. Furthermore, the first global quantitative analysis on the size of the area that is on average exposed to strong ground motion – measured by peak ground acceleration (PGA) – is provided.Publication Estimating Latent-Variable Panel Data Models Using Parameter-Expanded SEM Methods(Taylor & Francis, 2024-07-15) Wei, Siqi; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This article presents new estimation algorithms for three types of dynamic panel data models with latentvariables: factor models, discrete choice models, and persistent-transitory quantile processes. The newmethods combine the parameter expansion (PX) ideas of Liu, Rubin, and Wu with the stochastic expectation-maximization (SEM) algorithm in likelihood and moment-based contexts. The goal is to facilitate conver-gence in models with a large space of latent variables by improving algorithmic efficiency. This is achieved byspecifying expanded models within the M step. Effectively, we are proposing new estimators for the pseudo-data within iterations that take into account the fact that the model of interest is misspecified for drawsbased on parameter values far from the truth. We establish the asymptotic equivalence of the likelihood-based PX-SEM to an alternative SEM algorithm with a smaller expected fraction of missing informationcompared to the standard SEM based on the original model, implying a faster global convergence rate.Finally, in simulations we show that the new algorithms significantly improve the convergence speed relativeto standard SEM algorithms, sometimes dramatically so, by reducing the total computing time from hoursto a few minutes.Publication Factores de éxito en el emprendimiento femenino turístico rural en Costa Rica(Universidad de Alicante, 2021-07-15) Gabaldón, Patricia; Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn; Such Deves, María Jesús; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This research article aims to define the profile of Costa Rican women entrepreneurs in the rural tourism sector and to determine whether their characteristics and those of their ventures are related to their performance. A mixed methodology has been adopted based on semi-structured and in-depth interviews. The results highlight the importance of family support and contact networks as essential elements for the development of successful enterprises. Family and networks provide two essential elements for the success of women entrepreneurs: access to finance and the formalization of their business. It is particularly important to point out the contribution of this research to the under-studied field of rural entrepreneurs, given their contributions to reducing poverty for which access to information has traditionally been very limited.Publication Factores del entorno empresarial que condicionan la actividad de las micropymes femeninas de turismo rural en Costa Rica(UCOPress, 2023-06-30) Gabaldón, Patricia; Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn; Such Devesa, María Jesús; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Este estudio analiza los factores del entorno empresarial que influyen en la actividad de las micropymesturísticas rurales dirigidas por mujeres en Rica. Basándonos en la teoría institucional, se seleccionaron elementos institucionales formales (capital humano, barreras burocráticas, financiación, apoyo gubernamental) e informales (códigos de conducta, normas sociales, papel familiar) que influyen en la actividad empresarial femenina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo cualitativo difuso (fsQCA) a una muestra de 28 mujeres empresarias turísticas rurales costarricenses para conocer las interacciones entre dichos factores que afectan a la generación de ganancias. Los resultados de la investigación revelan cinco configuraciones diferentes que conducen a bajas o nulas ganancias en la actividad empresarial femenina. Los factores formales (barreras burocráticas y bajos niveles de capital humano), combinados con la presencia o la ausencia de otros factores institucionales tanto formales como informales representan una condición crítica vinculada con la baja o nula generación de ganancias. Las implicaciones teóricas de esta investigación contribuyen al conocimiento de los elementos institucionales formales e informales que afectan el crecimiento de las empresas dirigidas por mujeres en el sector turístico rural costarricense, y en las implicaciones prácticas, contribuye al fortalecimiento de la actividad empresarial femenina.Publication Gender diversity on corportate boards: directors' perceptions of board functioning and gender quotas(Virtus Interpress, 2023) Arnardottir, Audur Arna; Sigurjonsson, Throstur Olaf; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This research explores how increased gender diversity on corporate boards in Iceland,driven by applying a ?hard? public policy,i.e.,board gender quota legislation,has affected post-quota board directors‘ perceptions of board functioning. This study falls into the growing literature on board diversity (Boshanna,2021; Li et al.,2020). Directors‘ opinions towards board decision-making and monitoring activities are researched,as well as their effect on corporate governance practices. A survey was answered by 244 board directors in Iceland. Results show that the initial attitude towards gender quotas was more negative among male directors than female directors but became more similar and positive over time. Strong support is found for increased female board participation leading to different viewpoints being discussed at the board table in addition to better decision-making. A similar picture emerges regarding the behavior of holding chief executive officers (CEOs) accountable and being more focused on corporate governance practices. These results were significantly the view of female directors and directors chairing the assessed board. Male directors are more negative than their female counterparts about the short-term effect of increased female participation is having on board dynamics. This research indicates that a gender quota has led to increased female board participation in addition to impacting decision-making corporate norms,according to directors,as policymakers intended. © 2023 The Authors.Publication Getting More Women on Boards: Cultural and Institutional Antecedents That Matter(SAGE Publications Inc., 2023) Warner Søderholm, Gillian; Seierstad, Cathrine; Åberg, Carl; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the multiple cultural and institutional antecedents which can positively (or negatively) impact the incorporation of more women on corporate boards (WoCB). Many contemporary discourses about quotas versus voluntary actions by corporations as drivers of greater gender diversity on boards are largely based on cross-country mimicking. These discourses often fail to integrate country-level configurations and conditions,as drivers or barriers to change. We advance this research by seeking to understand the complexity of such multiple antecedents to getting WoCB. Results show multiple macro factors involved in getting WoCB in Europe. We test the complex inter-relations of factors such as legislation,cultural,societal,economic,political,and institutional variables,and their effects. Findings highlight important drivers of more women on boards such as gender equality in political empowerment and institutional settings; government-regulated maternity and paternity leave; specific legislative or soft quota policies; and societal cultural variables,such as (low) power distance and (high) assertiveness,as drivers of getting WoCB. These results prove the need to consider and complement legislative policies to specific cultural and institutional conditions in each country. To help policymakers,we provide insights into which multiple macro factors act as drivers or barriers in their organizations or societies for getting more WoCB. This will help decision makers in organizations or policymaking bodies to match gender diversity goals to the multiple country-level conditions they need to navigate,hence making a better world together. © The Author(s) 2023.Publication Income risk inequality: Evidence from Spanish administrative records(Wiley, 2022-12-01) Wei, Siqi; Bonhomme, Stéphane; De Vera, Micole; Hospido, Laura; Arellano, Manuel; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75In this paper, we use administrative data from the social security to study incomedynamics and income risk inequality in Spain between 2005 and 2018. We con-struct individual measures of income risk as functions of past employment his-tory, income, and demographics. Focusing on males, we document that incomerisk is highly unequal in Spain: More than half of the economy has close to perfectpredictability of their income, while some face considerable uncertainty. Incomerisk is inversely related to income and age, and income risk inequality increases.Publication Intimate partner violence under forced cohabitation and economic stress: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic(Elsevier, 2021-02) Arenas Arroyo, Esther; Fernández Kranz, Daniel; Nollenberger, Natalia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75With the COVID-19 outbreak imposing stay at home and social distancing policies, warnings about the impact of lockdown and its economic consequences on domestic violence have surged. This paper disentangles the effect of forced cohabitation and economic stress on intimate partner violence. Using an online survey data set, we find a 23% increase of intimate partner violence during the lockdown. Our results indicate that the impact of economic consequences is twice as large as the impact of lockdown. We also find large but statistically imprecise estimates of a large increase of domestic violence when the relative position of the man worsens, especially in contexts where that position was already being threatened. We view our results as consistent with the male backlash and emotional cue effects.Publication Introducing synchromodality: One missing link between transportation and supply chain management(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Acero, Beatriz; Saenz, Maria Jesus; Luzzini, Davide; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This study develops and tests the synchromodality construct,a novel supply chain concept that integrates the flexible use of different transport modes based on real-time information. At a time when global supply chains are complex and subject to uncertainty,synchromodality has emerged at the forefront of research and practice as a tool to ensure efficient delivery performance and thus supply chain competitiveness. Despite synchromodality is attracting the attention of leading companies and policy makers,only scholars within the transport research community have engaged with the topic so far. We believe a supply chain management perspective is missing,but essential,to develop the full potential of synchromodality. Our study shows that synchromodality capabilities encapsulate four key elements: visibility,integration,multi-modal transport,and flexibility. Thanks to a three-stage research approach exploiting multiple methods,this study conceptualizes,develops,and validates the first synchromodality measurement model,which reflects the multidimensional nature of the concept. We hope to set the stage for a number of potential future research opportunities that can explore synchromodality implementation and outcomes. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Supply Chain Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLCPublication La importancia de la diversidad de género en las empresas innovadoras un análisis del caso español(Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa, 2020-02-27) Gabaldón, Patricia; Gimenez Jimenez, Daniela; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75En esta investigación examinamos cómo la diversidad de género influye en las decisiones sobre la innovación en equipos que trabajan con I+D en España. Utilizando el panel de datos de la encuesta PITEC durante el período 2008 a 2016 realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), los resultados de la investigación ponen de manifiesto como la diversidad de género en estos equipos investigadores tiene un impacto positivo pero limitado sobre la innovación de servicios. Estos resultados demuestran que la incorporación de mujeres en innovación puede ayudar a fomentar la equidad de género en las organizaciones a la vez que incrementa su innovación.Publication La mujer emprendedora en el turismo rural peculiaridades del caso costarricense a través de la revisión bibliográfica(Universidad de Murcia, 2020-12-16) Gabaldón, Patricia; Gutiérrez Cruz, Merlyn; Such Devesa, María Jesús; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de la mujer emprendedora en el turismo rural en Costa Rica, enmarcándola en el contexto latinoamericano y en el de las emprendedoras rurales. A partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se define el perfil de las empresarias, sus motivaciones y las barreras que enfrentan. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las importantes similitudes entre las emprendedoras turísticas rurales costarricenses con el resto de las emprendedoras en Latinoamérica y del mundo. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de las emprendedoras dentro del marco del turismo rural, esencial para el desarrollo económico del país.Publication Measuring fiscal guidance transparency(Institute of Public Finance, 2022) Columbano, Claudio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The public disclosure of medium-term fiscal plans – “fiscal guidance” – represents an increasingly important,yet understudied element of fiscal transparency frameworks. This article introduces a dataset that contains a large set of forecasts on fiscal and economic items issued by all European Union governments over the period 2001-2018. These forecasts are used to build an index of fiscal guidance transparency and to explore its main characteristics and correlates. The analysis reveals that governments are more transparent in their guidance on fiscal flows and macroeconomic aggregates than on liabilities,assets,and exogenous assumptions. In addition,transparency declines in the forecast horizon and in the strength of the governing coalition. Collectively,the results suggest that fiscal guidance transparency may be a sensitive area of policymaking that deserves scholarly attention. Possible uses of the measure of fiscal guidance transparency in research are discussed © 2022. This is an Open Access article distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits non commercial use and redistribution,as long as you give appropriate credit,provide a link to the license,and indicate if changes were madePublication Measuring Organizational Legitimacy in Social Media: Assessing Citizens’ Judgments With Sentiment Analysis(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018) Etter, Michael; Colleoni, Elanor; Illia, Laura; Meggiorin, Katia; D’Eugenio, Antonio; Carlsberg Foundation; UniCredit ; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Conventional quantitative methods for the measurement of organizational legitimacy consider mainly three sources that make judgments about organizations visible: news media,accreditation bodies,and surveys. Over the last decade,however,social media have enabled ordinary citizens to bypass the gatekeeping function of these institutional evaluators and autonomously make individual judgments public. This inclusion of voices beyond functional and formally organized stakeholder groups potentially pluralizes the ongoing discussions about organizations. The individual judgments in blogs,tweets,and Facebook posts give indication about the broader fit between an organization’s perceived behavior and heterogeneous social norms and therefore constitute an indicator of organizational legitimacy that can be accessed and measured. We propose the use of social media data and sentiment analysis to study the affect-based responses to organizational actions by citizens. We critically discuss and compare the method with existing quantitative methods for legitimacy measurement and apply them to a recent case in the banking industry. We discuss the value of the method for studying the process of legitimacy construction as the expression and negotiation of normative judgments about organizations by various evaluators. © 2017,© The Author(s) 2017.Publication Network diffusion of gender diversity on boards: A process of two-speed opposing forces(Public Library of Science, 2022) Gimeno, Ricardo; Cabo, Ruth Mateos de; Grau, Pilar; Gabaldón, Patricia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Network diffusion processes or how information spreads through networks have been widely examined in numerous disciplines such as epidemiology,physics,sociology,politics,or computer science. In this paper,we extend previous developments by considering a generalization of the diffusion by considering the possibility of differences in the speed of diffusion and reduction depending on the forces’ directions. In this situation,the differential speed of diffusion produces deviations from the standard solution around the average of the initial conditions in the network. In fact,this asymmetry gives rise to non-linear dynamics in which,contrary to the symmetric case,the final solution depends on the topology of the graph as well as on the distribution of the initial values. Counter-intuitively,less central nodes in the network are able to exert a higher influence on the final solution. This behavior applies also for different simulated networks such as random,small-world,and scale-free. We show an example of this kind of asymmetric diffusion process in a real case. To do so,we use a network of US Boards of Directors,where boards are the nodes and the directors working for more than one board,are the links. Changes in the proportion of women serving on each board are influenced by the gradient between adjacent boards. We also show that there is an asymmetry: the gradient is reduced at a slower (faster) rhythm if the board has less (more) women than neighboring boards. We are able to quantify the accumulated effect of this asymmetry from 2000 to 2015 in the overall proportion of women on boards,in a 4.7 percentage points (the proportion should have been an 14.61% instead of the observed 9.93% in 2015). Copyright: © 2022 Gimeno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution LicensePublication Resources, capabilities and competences for eco-innovation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2016) Río, Pablo del; Carrillo Hermosilla, Javier; Könnölä, Totti; Bleda, Mercedes; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The existing literature on the determinants for the development and adoption of ecoinnovations has generally focused on analysing the influence of business strategies and external drivers (public policy and stakeholder impacts) on innovation processes in firms. Internal factors to the firm such as resources,capabilities and competences (RCCs),which are important drivers of business strategies and innovation performance,are seldom considered in the literature. This paper builds an integrated framework that incorporates the impact of those firm's internal factors and their interactions with external drivers on the development and adoption of eco-innovations. The relevance of those factors regarding several dimensions of eco-innovation is illustrated with case studies. It is shown that,while all RCCs are relevant for the development and uptake of ecoinnovations,their relevance differs across eco-innovation dimensions.Publication Shades of Power Network Links with Gender Quotas and Corporate Governance Codes(Wiley, 2021-01-12) Gabaldón, Patricia; Mateos de Cabo, Ruth; Grau, Pilar; Gimeno, Ricardo; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This study analyses the impact of political and regulatory pressures to increase the influence of women within the European board of directors’ network. To accomplish this, we used a longitudinal approach, tracking two centrality measures of a European directors’ network from 1999 to 2014. The network comprised publicly listed firms in 37 European countries, resulting in an extensive sample of 71,300 directors, of which around 10% were women. Governments promoting gender diversity in leadership positions have focused on two solutions: a slow track using voluntary approaches versus a fast track pushing for binding legislation. The panel data analysis shows how voluntary approaches to promote gender diversity, as implemented through corporate governance codes, have a positive and significant relationship with the ‘closeness’ of women to other directors in the network (i.e. their access to information). In contrast, binding legislation, such as gender quotas, increases women's role as unique ‘bridges’ between sub-networks – a result that serves to heighten their ‘betweenness’ centrality (i.e. their control over information).Publication The board gender diversity imitation game: Uncovering the resistant boards that refuse to play(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Mateos de Cabo, Ruth; Gimeno, Ricardo; Grau, Pilar; Gabaldón, Patricia; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Research question/issue: This study examines the influence of group behavior on board gender diversity and identifies obstacles to its diffusion. It investigates whether boards are influenced by group behavior in determining their gender composition and explores barriers that impede the diffusion process. Research findings/insights: Analyzing a network of over 18,000 US-listed boards observed over 20 years,we find a pattern of mimetic behavior,whereby boards imitate the proportion of women on boards (WoB) among their directly tied boards. We also identify resistant firms with low representation of women on their boards. Our findings suggest that,among those boards,there are heavily male-dominated boards resisting the appointment of women,even when surrounded by women directors among their tied boards. The diffusion of board gender diversity is slowed down by these resistant boards,hindering the overall progress in increasing gender diversity within the board network. Theoretical/academic implications: This research contributes insights into group behavior and resistance in board gender diversity. Adopting a network theory lens,our study sheds light on interactions between firms and their connected companies in terms of imitation practices. Drawing on social identity theory,we highlight the significance of the resistance to increasing women's representation exhibited by some boards. Practitioner/policy implications: Resistant boards,despite group pressure,slow down the diffusion of board gender diversity within the network,leading to overall stagnation. Understanding the sources of resistance allows an exploration of alternative measures to promote diversity without rigid mandates. © 2024 The Authors. Corporate Governance: An International Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Publication The effect of alimony on married women’s laborsupply and fertility: Evidence from state-levelreforms(Wiley, 2024-11-25) Fernández Kranz, Daniel; Roff, Jennifer; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Reforms that reduce spousal support after divorce are generally thought to reduce the bargaining power of alimony recipients as well as their incentives to participate in the traditional model of household specialization. Using the U.S. Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several U.S. states that reduced the rights of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by increasing their labor supply, but the adjustment mechanism varied by educational group. While college educated wives' labor supply increased at the expense of time spent on housework and childcare, wives with less than a college degree sacrificed personal care and leisure time. Effects for men are generally smaller and not statistically significant. We also find a reduction in the rate of new births following the reforms, with the effect being much more pronounced in the case of women with a university education, suggesting that part of the difference in time use may be attributable to differences in preferences and the cost of children by educational levels. Since children are a marital public good, our results imply a decrease in marriage-specific investment. The estimated effects are robust to various sensitivity tests and are greater in couples with a high-income differential and therefore more exposed to changes in alimony laws.