Research Articles

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Fragmenting Consumer Law Through Data Protection and Digital Market Regulations: The DMA, the DSA, the GDPR, and EU Consumer Law
(Springer Nature Link, 0025-02-24) Elizalde, Francisco de; Comisión Europea; Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The paper assesses the impact of EU digital legislation on general consumer law. To that end, it addresses the Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act in their interaction with the General Data Protection Regulation, as the legal instruments of economic characteristics that seem to confront consumer law more straightforwardly. The main claim that the paper makes is that they fragment consumer law by altering its bases and afecting its principal horizontal provisions, namely, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD, 2005) and the Unfair Contract Terms Directive (UCTD, 1993). The transformation arises from the assumption, by the digital regulations, of the competition concern for market structure and business size while ignoring the nuances among the users of digital services. The societal aims of the EU’s digital policy are also relevant, particularly those concerning personal data. Overall, the digital laws frame a regulation of private relationships that does not pivot on consumption while afecting consumers. Consumer law could be gradually giving way to EU digital private law.
La mujer directiva en España : Catalizadores e inhibidores en las decisiones de trayectoria profesional
(IE University, 2007-01-08) Anca, Celia de; Aragón, Salvador; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The last few years have seen important changes in the Spanish business environment with regard to women executives and their integration in business organisations. Nevertheless, figures still show a large quantitative difference on boards of directors and in the top levels of company management. Both public and private sectors have launched a series of initiatives designed to eliminate this imbalance. After carrying out studies in recent years, however, we believe that these initiatives are nearly all centred on the external barriers that hinder women’s promotion. Meanwhile there are major hurdles at an internal level that make women’s advancement difficult, and which only a change in culture and perspective can resolve it. We believe that training focused on individual perceptions of women in its career management can play a fundamental role in meeting the goal of total integration of women in the labour market
Constraining Ministerial Power: The Impact of Veto Players on Labor Market Reforms in Industrial Democracies, 1973-2000
(Sage, 2009-08-19) Becher, Michael; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
This article investigates how veto players affect the reform of labor market policies in advanced industrial democracies. Complementing Tsebelis’s veto player model with the assumption of ministerial agenda control within the cabinet, the argument is that the constitutional and partisan distribution of veto power affects the capability of ministers to change the status quo in line with their partisan goals. This claim is tested with panel data on unemployment insurance entitlements and employment protection legislation in 20 OECD countries between 1973 and 2000. The central finding is that veto players constrain the power of ministers, cabinet ministers and prime ministers alike, to pursue their partisan interests. The partisanship of ministers shapes reforms only if the ideological distance between veto players is relatively small, and the influence of ministerial partisanship declines as ideological distance increases.
The European M&A Industry: A Market in the Process of Construction
(Academy of Management, 2009-11) Moschieri, Caterina; Campa, José Manuel; ATKearney; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
In 2007, for the first time in recent history, the volume of mergers and acquisitions by European companies surpassed that of their U.S. counterparts. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the trends and drivers of this surge in M&A activity in the European Union. It reviews the role of the European Commission in fostering a level playing field for takeover activity and the key characteristics of M&A deals in Europe. Despite evidence of significant progress toward the development of a homogeneous market for M&As, important differences still hold among European countries both in the rules and in the patterns that M&A activity takes. The analysis suggests that this dissimilarity between Europe and the U.S. is not solely linked to the existence of a harmonized market but rather arises from unique institutional characteristics ingrained in the corporate structure of companies, which differ among European countries. This raises questions about the generalizability of current research on North American M&As to the European context.
Sobre los sindicatos de voto. Comentario a la Sentencia núm. 453/2009 de 30 de diciembre de 2009 de la Audiencia Provincial de Oviedo en el Recurso de Apelación 0000203, 2009
(Aranzadi, 2010) Galeote, Pilar; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Es una de las primeras ocasiones en que un órgano judicial se pronuncia sobre esta figura: el fenómeno de la sindicación. A raíz de esta sentencia se plantea la autora el tema mollar de la misma que no es otro que el fenómeno de la eficacia externa de la sindicación del voto.
El sistema de publicidad de las resoluciones concursales
(Aranzadi, 2010) Galeote, Pilar; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Las nuevas tecnologías y los medios informáticos tienen un impacto importante en el sistema de publicidad registral, en general y de resoluciones concursales, en particular. La publicidad formal poco a poco va abandonando su segundo plano frente a la publicidad material. Consciente de esta evolución, la Ley Concursal exhortó al desarrollo reglamentario la creación de un sistema de publicidad registral, que realizó el Real Decreto 685/2005 con la creación de dos portales en Internet. La sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 28 de marzo de 2907anuló uno de ellos y el Real Decreto 158/2008 estableció el nuevo marco del sistema de publicidad registral en materia concursal y las líneas procedimentales en aras a la adecuación a las nuevas tecnologías, pero sin olvidar la tan importante seguridad del tráfico. Finalmente, un Registro Público Concursal -creado por el Real Decreto-Ley 3/2009-, completa el panorama del régimen de publicidad en materia concursal
Anthony G. Hopwood (1944–2010)
(Elsevier Ltd, 2010) Carmona, Salvador; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
[No abstract available]
Liderazgo personal: el difícil equilibrio entre individuo, organización y sociedad
(Universidad CEU San Pablo, 2010-12-06) Álvarez de Mon, Ignacio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
En este artículo se plantea el potencial conflicto existente entre, de un lado, una dinámica organizativa y social que empuja al individuo hacia comportamientos despersonalizados, homogéneos y estandarizados y, de otro, la tendencia de ese individuo a ser él mismo, según sus propias convicciones y valores personales. Como hilo conductor, se exponen los experimentos de Stanley Milgram sobre la obediencia. El liderazgo personal, entendido como la capacidad de cada individuo para regir su destino en coherencia con sus propios valores personales, resulta clave en la resolución de este potencial conflicto.
Spatially explicit estimation of occupancy, detection probability and survey effort needed to inform conservation planning
(2011) Olea, Pedro; Mateo Tomás, Patricia; Frutos, Ángel de; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Aim It is increasingly recognized the importance of accounting for imperfect detection in species distribution modelling and conservation planning. However,the integration of detectability into a spatially explicit frame has received little attention. We aim (1) to show how to develop distribution maps of both detection probability and survey effort required to reliably determine a species presence/absence and (2) to increase awareness of the spatial variation of detection error inherent in studies of species occurrence. Location North-western Spain. Methods We registered the presence/absence of the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in 213 surveys performed in 40 of 104 territories once known to be occupied. We model simultaneously both detection probability and occurrence,using site occupancy modelling. With the resulting regression equations,we developed distribution maps of both detection probability and required sampling effort throughout the area. Results Of the studied territories,72.5% were detected as occupied,but after accounting for imperfect detection,the proportion of sites truly occupied was 79%. Detectability decreased in territories with higher topographical irregularity and increased with both the time of day of the survey and the progress of the season. Spatial distribution of detectability showed a mainly north-south gradient following the distribution of slope in the area. The likelihood of occupancy increased with rockier,less forested surface and less topographical irregularity within the territory. A minimum of five surveys,on average,are needed to assess,with 95% probability,the occupancy status of a site,ranging from ?3 to >24 visits/territory depending on survey- and site-specific features. Main conclusions Accounting for detectability and its sources of variation allows us to elaborate distribution maps of detectability-based survey effort. These maps are useful tools to reliably assess (e.g. with 95% probability) occupancy status throughout a landscape and provide guidance for species conservation planning. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Attitudes, Ideological Associations and the Left–Right Divide in Latin America
(Sage, 2012-04-01) Wiesehomeier, Nina; Doyle, David; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Do Latin American citizens share a common conception of the ideological left–right distinction? And if so, is this conception linked to individuals’ ideological self-placement? Selecting questions from the 2006 Latinobarómetro survey based on a core definition of the left–right divide rooted in political theory and philosophy, this paper addresses these questions. We apply joint correspondence analysis to explore whether citizens who relate to the same ideological identification also share similar and coherent convictions and beliefs that reflect the ideological content of the left-right distinction. Our analysis indicates that theoretical conceptions about the roots of, and responsibility for, inequality in society, together with the translation of these beliefs into attitudes regarding the state versus market divide, distinguish those who self-identify with the left and those who self-identify with the right.
Review and proposal of indicators (key performance indicators) for library and social media
(2013) Fernández Villavicencio, Nieves; Menéndez Novoa, José Luis; García, Catuxa Seoane; Millán Fernández, María Elvira; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The objective of this paper is to review the literature about systems of measure in social networks and present a draft proposal of set of indicators to help the units of information to evaluate the use and impact of their services through social Web o Web 2.0,with the aim to obtain cost and return of investment (ROI) of such services. Libraries have a long way in evaluation process but,in this article,we propose to evaluate the ROI and offer to organizations that support the units of information or libraries,the justification in order to demonstrate the added value they provide with social Web. © 2013 CSIC.
Depression and smoking: A 5-year prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder
(2013) Holma, Irina; Holma, Mikael; Melartin, Tarja; Isometsä, Erkki; Ketokivi, Mikko; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) and smoking are major public health problems and epidemiologically strongly associated. However,the relationship between smoking and depression and whether this is influenced by common confounding factors remain unclear,in part due to limited longitudinal data on covariation. Methods In the Vantaa Depression Study,psychiatric out- and inpatients with DSM-IV MDD and aged 20-59 years at were followed from baseline to 6 months,18 months,and 5 years. We investigated course of depression,smoking,and comorbid alcohol-use disorders among the 214 patients (79.6% of 269) participating at least three time points; differences between smoking versus nonsmoking patients,and covariation of MDD,smoking,and alcohol-use disorders. Results Overall,31.3% of the patients smoked regularly,41.1% intermittently,and 27.6% never. Smokers were younger,had more alcohol-use disorders and Cluster B and C personality disorder symptoms,a higher frequency of lifetime suicide attempts,higher neuroticism,smaller social networks,and lower perceived social support than never smokers. Smoking and depression had limited longitudinal covariation. Depression,smoking,and alcohol-use disorders all exhibited strong autoregressive tendencies. Conclusions Among adult psychiatric MDD patients,smoking is strongly associated with substance-use and personality disorders,which may confound research on the impact of smoking. Rather than depression or smoking covarying or predicting each other,depression,smoking,and alcohol-use disorders each have strong autoregressive tendencies. These findings are more consistent with common factors causing their association than either of the conditions strongly predisposing to the other. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
What determines university patent commercialization? Empirical evidence on the role of IPR ownership
(Taylor & Francis, 2013-09-10) Giuri, Paola; Munari, Federico; Pasquini, Martina; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
This article addresses the commercialization of academic patents, developed in both universities and public research organizations (PROs). We distinguish between university-owned and university- invented patents to analyze if and how patent ownership affects the probability of commercialization and, similarly, if the characteristics of national university intellectual property right (IPR) regimes correlate with it. We study three commercialization channels—sales, licensing, and spin-off formation—appear in a sample of 858 university and PRO patents filed with the European Patent Office between 2003–2005 across 22 countries. To analyze differences in commercialization outcomes, this study employs a multivariate probit model. The results suggest that PRO ownership is negatively associated with the likelihood of selling the patent and creating an academic spin-off; university ownership positively affects the patent’s licensing uses. Finally, the institutional IPR regime has a negative effect on the probability of selling a patent.
Economic Performance, Individual Evaluations, and the Vote: Investigating the Causal Mechanism
(https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1017/S0022381613000959, 2013-10) Becher, Michael; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
While there are many studies on the impact of the economy on elections, there is little evidence on the full mechanism of economic voting implied by performance-based theories of elections. Addressing the scarcity of evidence on the mechanism, this study provides the first estimates of the linkage between macroeconomic performance, individual economic evaluations, and vote choice. Building on recent advances in the statistical analysis of causal mechanisms, we conduct a causal mediation analysis in a data set covering 151 surveys in 18 countries. We find that the effect of economic performance on the incumbent vote is largely accounted for by voters’ retrospective evaluations of the national economy. The effect is stronger in contexts where policymaking power is concentrated rather than dispersed. Altogether, the results imply that the performance-based channel of voting is more relevant in accounting for election outcomes than suggested by recent individual-level studies.
When theory doesn't meet practice: Do firms really stage their investments?
(Academy of Management, 2013-11-08) Moschieri, Caterina; Ragozzino, Roberto; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Theory has often discussed the benefits of adopting a staged investment strategy in mergers and acquisitions when investments hold uncertain prospects. Specifically, firms should enter into a cooperative agreement, such as a strategic alliance, before they eventually decide to buy out a partner. In this paper, we first review the theoretical arguments supporting such an approach and then provide evidence showing that staged investments in mergers and acquisitions are far less frequent than theory predicts. We analyze a sample of 24,495 global transactions that occurred between 1995 and 2010 and find that firms stage mergers and acquisitions in only 1.26% of all deals. This figure changes little after we control for transaction- and environmental-level considerations. We propose several explanations of why staged investments are seldom used in practice, despite their theoretical properties.
Discontent and the Left Turn in Latin America
(Cambridge University Press, 2013-11-08) Wiesehomeier, Nina; Doyle, David; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The electoral success of the left across Latin America has largely been interpreted as a backlash against globalization and a manifestation of anti-market voting of citizens increasingly frustrated with their experience of representative democracy. However, studies trying to test these propositions show rather inconclusive results and face the problem of translating objective economic conditions into observable individual perceptions. This article contends that theories of subjective well-being in psychology and economics can shed light on this left turn. In particular, life satisfaction, as a manifestation of experienced utility, can help explain the electoral outcomes observed throughout the region. The findings show that support for the left is higher the more unsatisfied voters are under a right incumbent.
Smellizing Cookies and Salivating: A Focus on Olfactory Imagery
(Oxford University Press, 2013-12-13) Krishna, Aradhna; Morrin, Maureen; Sayin, Eda; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
The concept of olfactory imagery is introduced and the conditions under which imagining what a food smells like (referred to here as “smellizing” it) impacts consumer response are explored. Consumer response is measured by: salivation change (studies 1 and 2), actual food consumption (study 3), and self-reported desire to eat (study 4). The results show that imagined odors can enhance consumer response but only when the consumer creates a vivid visual mental representation of the odor referent (the object emitting the odor). The results demonstrate the interactive effects of olfactory and visual imagery in generating approach behaviors to food cues in advertisements.
Short communication. Soil development mediated by traditional practices shape the stand structure of Spanish juniper woodland
(Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, 2014) Venturas, Martín; Fuentes Utrilla, Pablo; López, Rosana; Perea, Ramón; Fernández, Victoria; Gascó, Antonio; Guzmán, Paula; Li, Meng; Rodríguez Calcerrada, Jesús; Miranda, Eva; Domínguez, Jorge; González Gordaliza, Guillermo; Zafra, Elena; Fajardo Alcántara, Miriam; Martín, Juan; Ennos, Richard; Nanos, Nikos; Lucena, Juan; Iglesias, Salustiano; Collada, Carmen; Gil, Luis
Aim of study: Assessing the effect of soil development on the stand structure of a Spanish juniper forest traditionally shaped by livestock browsing and wood extraction. Area of study: Berlanga de Duero (Soria,Castilla y León),Spain. Material and methods: A stand inventory served to record stand structure. Tree age,height,DBH,basal area,and overbark volume were determined in each plot. Results were pooled considering two well-differentiated degrees of soil evolution. One-way ANOVAs (and Tukey's test) and regressions between growth parameters were performed to assess significant differences between growth performances on both types of soils. Research highlights: Deeper soils yielded significant higher plant density and stand stock figures than stony shallower profiles despite the intense past livestock activity in the area; and single tree-size was also significantly greater. Non-significant differences were found for merchantable junipers age (?120-160 years). Wood extraction and livestock browsing should be limited on shallower soils to allow soil and forest evolution; as well as to preserve the genetic pool better adapted to hardest growing conditions.
Ulmus laevis in the iberian peninsula: A review of its ecology and conservation
(SISEF - Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, 2014) Venturas, Martín; Fuentes Utrilla, Pablo; López, Rosana; Perea, Ramón; Fernández, Victoria; Gascó, Antonio; Guzmán, Paula; Li, Meng; Rodríguez Calcerrada, Jesús; Miranda, Eva; Domínguez, Jorge; González Gordaliza, Guillermo; Zafra, Elena; Fajardo Alcántara, Miriam; Martín, Juan; Ennos, Richard; Nanos, Nikos; Lucena, Juan; Iglesias, Salustiano; Collada, Carmen; Gil, Luis; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pallas) populations are scarce,small and fragmented in the Iberian Peninsula. Due to these characteristics the indigenous status of the species in the region has been questioned,whilst the species’ role in Iberian riparian forest ecology has been neglected. Herein we review past studies regarding this species’ distribution and ecology in the Iberian Peninsula,with special emphasis on the establishment of conservation priorities. We first present a collection of palaeogeographic,historic and genetic data suggesting that the Iberian Peninsula was a glacial refuge for U. laevis. Secondly,we analyse U. laevis distribution in relation to soil physicochemical properties and water availability in Spain. Following this,we focus on the reproductive biology of the species,and investigate the effect of masting and empty seed production on predation and regeneration establishment. Finally,based on this knowledge,we propose conservation policies for U. Laevis in the Iberian Peninsula. ©Martin Venturas (martin.venturas@upm.es)
Physico-mechanical properties of Spanish juniper wood considering the effect of heartwood formation and the presence of defects and imperfections
(Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, 2014) Fuente León, Javier de la; Lafuente Jimenez, Edgar; Hermosilla, Dahpne; Broto Cartagena, Miguel; Gascó, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
Aim of study: Determining the main physical and mechanical properties of Spanish juniper wood from Soria (Spain) considering the effects of heartwood formation and the presence of defects and imperfections; and comparing the resulting characteristics with similar existing data for other regional softwood species of commercial interest. Area of study: Berlanga de Duero (Soria,Castilla y León),Spain. Material and Methods: Wood physico-mechanical performance was determined by Spanish UNE standards in order to provide proper comparisons to other regional softwood species. An individual tree representing average plot characteristics was selected in all eight 10 m radius circular plots that were established well-representing the heterogeneity of this woodland. The age of every tree was determined reading the number of growth rings at the base of each sampled tree. Every physico-mechanical property was assessed at least 4 times for every wood sample type (sapwood and heartwood,whether clear or with the presence of defects) of each tree. Two-way ANOVA was run to assess significant differences in the results. Post hoc all pairwise comparisons were performed using Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Research highlights: Spanish juniper wood resulted harder than other regional commercial conifers,and showed semi-heavyweight heartwood and lightweight sapwood; whereas shrinkage figures remarked its great dimensional stability. The high presence of knots within heartwood made it even heavier,harder,and more resistant to compression parallel to grain. A commercial use of this rare precious wood may contribute to juniper forests preservation in the frame of forest sustainable management plans.

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