Person: Aloisi, Antonio
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Antonio
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Aloisi
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IE University
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IE Law School
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Digital & Tech Law
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Publication Máquinas, algoritmos, plataformas digitales Facultades ampliadas y libertades virtuales. Notas sobre el futuro (del derecho) del trabajo(Tirant lo Blanch, 2020-05) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Seguramente puede decirse que las evoluciones actuales no presentan caracteres de linealidad. Esto, combinado con la naturaleza intrínsecamente cambiante de algunos fenómenos y las sinergias prometedoras entre los diferentes vectores de cambio, hace que todas las predicciones sean frágiles y, al mismo tiempo, nos desanima a mirar al pasado en busca de respuestas cíclicas. Por lo tanto, es conveniente volver a calibrar el enfoque de la discusión sobre el futuro del trabajo, tratando de descifrar las consecuencias de la automatización, la digitalización y de la plataformalización desde un punto de vista cualitativo. Las metamorfosis más profundas, como explica Eurofound, requieren a menudo una adecuación de las prácticas empresariales, de las infraestructuras sociales e incluso del marco institucional. Para hacerlo, es necesario abandonar cualquier visión ideológica de la promesa tecnológica, ya sea ésta apologética o apocalíptica. Sobre todo, es necesario realizar un esfuerzo analítico para evaluar secularmente los elementos de continuidad y discontinuidad, antes de emprender acciones judiciales y regulatorias. Las máquinas, los algoritmos y las plataformas constituyen un objetivo móvil; por lo tanto, es necesario que el legislador, los jueces, los emprendedores y las organizaciones sindicales valoren las virtudes de resiliencia del marco normativo laboral y traten de tejer una red de coherencia entre las opciones de las empresas y el marco normativo regulatorio.Publication Il tuo capo è un algoritmo : contro il lavoro disumano(Editori Laterza, 2020) De Stefano, Valerio; Aloisi, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Automazione, algoritmi, piattaforme, smart working: il mondo del lavoro sta vivendo una vera e propria rivoluzione. La paura è che crolli il numero degli occupati e che il lavoro umano venga riconosciuto e apprezzato sempre meno. Si teme la capacità di controllo dei software di intelligenza artificiale. Ma non esistono tecnologie buone e tecnologie cattive; esistono usi distorti e usi consapevoli delle invenzioni e delle innovazioni. La tecnologia cambia rapidamente e incide in profondità in tutti gli ambiti, con esiti spesso preoccupanti. È quello che accade al mondo del lavoro, tra trasformazione digitale, utilizzo dei robot e dell'intelligenza artificiale e diffusione delle piattaforme. Che cosa sta accadendo alle professioni che non sono state spazzate via dalla tecnologia? Come ci si confronta con strumenti di sorveglianza dei lavoratori sempre più pervasivi? Quante possibilità ci sono che il modello della gig-economy si affermi come nuovo paradigma produttivo? Che cosa potranno fare le parti sociali e le forze politiche per mettere in campo protezioni efficaci? La qualità del lavoro presente e futuro dipende da come esso è concepito, contrattato e organizzato. La trasformazione digitale può essere infatti un alleato indispensabile, dalla fabbrica alla scrivania, dal magazzino all'ufficio, ma va messa alla prova sul terreno della convenienza sociale e politica e non solo su quello della convenienza economica. Questo libro è uno strumento prezioso per orientarsi con coordinate precise sui nuovi scenari, sui rischi che corriamo e sulle scelte necessarie per affrontare il futuro.Publication Activités essentielles, télétravail et surveillance numérique: l'effet panoptique de la pandémie(Wiley, 2022-06-07) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Avec la pandémie, les pratiques de surveillance numérique ont explosé sur les lieux de travail physiques et virtuels, modifiant les rapports de force professionnels, au profit de l'employeur. Tant les travailleurs essentiels que les télétravailleurs ont fait les frais de cette évolution, qui risque de survivre à la crise. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs s'interrogent sur l'adéquation du cadre juridique européen sur la protection des données. Pour eux, le dialogue social, l'autonomisation des travailleurs et la maîtrise des techniques numériques figurent parmi les moyens à mobiliser pour améliorer la protection des travailleurs tout en promouvant la flexibilité, le bien-être et la compétitivité.Publication Your Boss Is an Algorithm Artificial Intelligence, Platform Work and Labour(Bloomsbury, 2022-07-14) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75What effect do robots, algorithms, and online platforms have on the world of work? Using case studies and examples from across the EU, the UK, and the US, this book provides a compass to navigate this technological transformation as well as the regulatory options available, and proposes a new map for the era of radical digital advancements. From platform work to the gig-economy and the impact of artificial intelligence, algorithmic management, and digital surveillance on workplaces, technology has overwhelming consequences for everyone's lives, reshaping the labour market and straining social institutions. Contrary to preliminary analyses forecasting the threat of human work obsolescence, the book demonstrates that digital tools are more likely to replace managerial roles and intensify organisational processes in workplaces, rather than opening the way for mass job displacement. Can flexibility and protection be reconciled so that legal frameworks uphold innovation? How can we address the pervasive power of AI-enabled monitoring? How likely is it that the gig-economy model will emerge as a new organisational paradigm across sectors? And what can social partners and political players do to adopt effective regulation? Technology is never neutral. It can and must be governed, to ensure that progress favours the many. Digital transformation can be an essential ally, from the warehouse to the office, but it must be tested in terms of social and political sustainability, not only through the lenses of economic convenience. Your Boss Is an Algorithm offers a guide to explore these new scenarios, their promises, and perils.Publication Réglementation et avenir du travail: la relation de travail facilite l'innovation(Wiley, 2020-04-02) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; FWO Research Foundation de Flandes; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75La transformation numérique et la réorganisation des entreprises font apparaître de nouvelles modalités de travail fort éloignées de la relation de travail typique. Selon les partisans de la rupture numérique, le cadre juridique actuel n'est pas adapté aux formes de travail et modèles d'entreprises «innovants». Pourtant, la réglementation du travail peut faciliter l'innovation et la flexibilité, comme l'emploi typique peut être un moyen d'améliorer l'efficacité et de réduire les coûts. En effet, la relation de travail permet le plein exercice des prérogatives de l'employeur et le déploiement interne de la main-d'œuvre; c'est aussi un bon moyen d'assurer formation et montée des compétences.Publication La reglamentación y el futuro del trabajo. La relación de trabajo como factor de innovación(Wiley, 2020-04-02) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; FWO Research Foundation de Flandes; https://ror.org/02jjdwm7La transformación digital y la reorganización de la empresa han generado fórmulas distintas de la relación de trabajo típica. Frente al modelo de disrupción digital que proclama la inadecuación del marco jurídico a los modelos de trabajo y de negocio «innovadores», en este artículo se aboga por la reglamentación laboral como factor de innovación. La relación de trabajo es un instrumento flexible y las formas típicas de empleo resultan rentables y eficientes. Además de permitir el pleno ejercicio de la prerrogativa empresarial y la flexibilidad interna en la gestión del trabajo, constituyen un mecanismo eficaz de formación y capacitación.Publication Regulation and the future of work: The employment relationship as an innovation facilitator(Wiley, 2020-02-06) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio ; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Digital transformation and the reorganization of the firm have given rise to new forms of work that diverge significantly from the standard employment relationship. Advocates of digital disruption suggest that the existing legal framework cannot accommodate “innovative” working templates and business models. This article, however, argues that labour regulation can continue to facilitate innovation, presenting the employment relationship as a flexible instrument, and standard forms of employment as the means of achieving efficiencies and cost advantages. First, they allow for the full exercise of managerial prerogative and attendant internal flexibility in workforce deployment, and, second, they constitute an effective device to deliver training and develop skills.Publication Between risk mitigation and labour rights enforcement: Assessing the transatlantic race to govern AI-driven decision-making through a comparative lens(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2023) De Stefano, Valerio; Aloisi, AntonioIn this article, we provide an overview of efforts to regulate the various phases of the artificial intelligence (AI) life cycle. In doing so, we examine whether—and, if so, to what extent—highly fragmented legal frameworks are able to provide safeguards capable of preventing the dangers that stem from AI- and algorithm-driven organisational practices. We critically analyse related developments at the European Union (EU) level, namely the General Data Protection Regulation, the draft AI Regulation, and the proposal for a Directive on improving working conditions in platform work. We also consider bills and regulations proposed or adopted in the United States and Canada via a transatlantic comparative approach, underlining analogies and variations between EU and North American attitudes towards the risk assessment and management of AI systems. We aim to answer the following questions: Is the widely adopted risk-based approach fit for purpose? Is it consistent with the actual enforcement of fundamental rights at work, such as privacy, human dignity, equality and collective rights? To answer these questions, in section 2 we unpack the various, often ambiguous, facets of the notion(s) of ‘risk’—that is, the common denominator with the EU and North American legal instruments. Here, we determine that a scalable, decentralised framework is not appropriate for ensuring the enforcement of constitutional labour-related rights. In addition to presenting the key provisions of existing schemes in the EU and North America, in section 3 we disentangle the consistencies and tensions between the frameworks that regulate AI and constrain how it must be handled in specific contexts, such as work environments and platform-orchestrated arrangements. Paradoxically, the frenzied race to regulate AI-driven decision-making could exacerbate the current legal uncertainty and pave the way for regulatory arbitrage. Such a scenario would slow technological innovation and egregiously undermine labour rights. Thus, in section 4 we advocate for the adoption of a dedicated legal instrument at the supranational level to govern technologies that manage people in workplaces. Given the high stakes involved, we conclude by stressing the salience of a multi-stakeholder AI governance framework.Publication Essential jobs, remote work and digital surveillance: Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic panopticon(Wiley, 2021-06-19) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; European Union's Horizon 2020; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75An unprecedented COVID-19-induced explosion in digital surveillance has reconfigured power relationships in professional settings. This article critically concentrates on the interplay between technology-enabled intrusive monitoring and the augmentation of managerial prerogatives in physical and digital workplaces. It identifies excessive supervision as the common denominator of “essential” and “remotable” activities, besides discussing the various drawbacks faced by the two categories of workers during (and after) the pandemic. It also assesses the adequacy of the current European Union legal framework in addressing the expansion of data-driven management. Social dialogue, workers' empowerment and digital literacy are identified as effective ways to promote organizational flexibility, well-being and competitiveness.Publication Fundamental Labour Rights, Platform Work and Human-Rights Protection of Non-Standard Workers(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2018-02-28) De Stefano, Valerio; Aloisi, Antonio; Bellace, Janice R.; ter Haar, Beryl; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The spread of non-standard forms of employment in industrialised and developing countries over the last decades has prompted an extensive debate on how to reshape labour regulation to accommodate these new formats. However, limited attention has been devoted to the access of non-standard workers to fundamental labour rights. This chapter aims at reorienting the debate towards these neglected dimensions of labour regulation. In particular, it focuses on the risks affecting work in the so-called ‘gig’ or ‘platform’ economy, since the relative novelty of these forms of work may obscure the difficulties these workers face in enjoying fundamental labour rights. Platform workers, together with casual workers and some self-employed workers not only are more exposed to violations of fundamental rights but are also often excluded from the legal scope of application of these rights, which are sometimes reserved to workers in an employment relationship. This is particularly true for collective labour rights, as self-employed workers, including sham self-employed persons and platform workers, who are often deprived of full access to the rights of freedom of association and collective bargaining. This happens, for instance, when their collective activities are found to be in breach of antitrust regulation. This chapter maintains that preventing self-employed workers who do not own a genuine and significant business organisation from bargaining collectively is at odds with the recognition of the right to collective bargaining as a human and a fundamental right. Consequently, it argues that only self-employed individuals who do not provide ‘labour’ but instead provide services using an independent, genuine and significant business organisation that they own and manage can have their right to bargain collectively restricted.