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Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

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dc.contributor.authorGómez Ullate, David
dc.contributor.authorBarbeito, Inés
dc.contributor.authorPrecioso, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorSierra, María José
dc.contributor.authorVegas Azcárate, Susana
dc.contributor.authorFernández Balbuena, Sonia
dc.contributor.authorVitoriano, Begoña
dc.contributor.authorCao, Ricardo
dc.contributor.authorMonge, Susana
dc.contributor.editorOzayr Mahomed
dc.contributor.editorUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal
dc.contributor.editorSouth Africa
dc.contributor.rorhttps://ror.org/02jjdwm75
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-18T13:03:54Z
dc.date.available2025-02-18T13:03:54Z
dc.date.issued2023-04-12
dc.description.abstractBackground: We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021. Methods: A stringency index (0-1) was created for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted. The median of coefficients across provinces (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) quantified the effect of increasing one standard deviation in the stringency index over the logarithmic return of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, lagged 12 days. Results: Overall, increasing restrictions reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR = 0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0, 0.82) in 1 week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0, 0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0, 0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0, 0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0, 0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0, 0.96). Models R 2 was around 70%. Conclusion: Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.
dc.description.peerreviewedyes
dc.description.statusPublished
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dc.identifier.citationBarbeito, I., Precioso, D., Sierra, M. J., Vegas-Azcárate, S., Fernández Balbuena, S., Vitoriano, B., ... & Study Group for Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Spain. (2023). Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nine fields of activity to decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission (Spain, September 2020–May 2021). Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1061331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331
dc.identifier.issn0033-3506
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14417/3564
dc.journal.titlePublic Health
dc.language.isoen
dc.page.total10
dc.publisherFrontiers
dc.relation.departmentApplied Mathematics
dc.relation.entityIE University
dc.relation.schoolIE School of Science & Technology
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en
dc.subject.keywordCOVID-19
dc.subject.keywordSARS-CoV-2
dc.subject.keywordEffectiveness
dc.subject.keywordHierarchical models
dc.subject.keywordLogarithmic return
dc.subject.keywordNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)
dc.subject.keywordPandemic
dc.subject.keywordStringency index
dc.titleEffectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.version.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationd0525f43-b84b-4613-9984-4324ddf81556
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryd0525f43-b84b-4613-9984-4324ddf81556
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