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Browsing Books & Book chapters by Author "Aloisi, Antonio"
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Publication A Critical Examination of a Third Employment Category for On- Demand Work (In Comparative Perspective)(Cambridge University Press, 2018-11-18) Cherry, Miriam; Aloisi, Antonio; Davidson, Nestor M.; Finck, Michele; Infranca, John J.; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75During the past fi ve years there have been a number of lawsuits in the United States as well as in Europe challenging the employment classifi cation of workers in the gig economy. Classification of a worker as an employee is an important “gateway” to determine who receives the protections of the labor and employment laws, including the right to organize, minimum wage, and unemployment compensation, as well as other obligations such as tax treatment. In response to both litigation and widespread confusion about how gig workers should be classifi ed, some commentators have proposed a “third” or “hybrid” category, situated between the categories of “employee” and “independent contractor.” Proponents often note that creating a third category would be a novel innovation, appropriately crafted and tailored for an era of digital platform work. However, as we have noted in a previous article, such an intermediate category of worker is actually not new. In this chapter we will provide snapshot summaries of fi ve legal systems that have experimented with implementing a legal tool similar to a third category to cover non- standard workers: in Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, and South Korea. These various legal systems have had diverse results. There has been success in some instances, and misadventure in others. We believe that examining these experiences closely will help to avoid potential problems that are beginning to surface in discussions about the third category and the gig economy. This chapter largely will forgo the background on how platforms operate or the description of the tasks workers do, instead focusing on the classification problem.Publication A Solution in Search of a Problem? Collective Rights and the Antitrust Labour Exemption in Italy(Cambridge University Press, 2022-05) Aloisi, Antonio; Gramano, Elena; Paul, Sanjukta; McCrystal, Shae; McGaughey, Ewan; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter investigates potential conflicts arising in the Italian legal framework between collective labour rights and the application of competition law to the constellation of personal labour relations that escape binary taxonomies. Its overarching goal is to understand whether and to what extent concerted wage-fixing practices are granted a special immunity. Historical evidence suggests that collective agreements covering the kaleidoscopic group of non-standard workers have never been targeted by the Italian competition authority. We situate the examination of labour antitrust exemption in the broader picture of the adequacy of the current mechanisms of “collective self-regulation” for self-employed workers. This chapter illustrates the Constitutional framework and case law developments on whether self-employed workers fall within the personal scope of collective rights. It also argues that several provisions corroborate that the Italian lawmaker often entrusts social partners in regulating specific aspects of the relationship of certain categories of self-employed workers. The chapter also presents a selection of collective agreements for non-standard workers, and then discusses how long-established trade unions have included non-standard workers in their membership through multiple, not necessarily successful, attempts. Finally, it presents practical hurdles that make it difficult to build impactful solidarity amongst non-standard workers.Publication Algoritmos e inteligencia artificial en el entorno laboral(Tirant Lo Blanch, 2024-01-25) Aloisi, Antonio; Montero Pascual, José Manuel; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75El presente libro forma parte del Curso de Derecho digital, conjunto de tres tomos que, en forma de manual, proporciona una introducción sencilla pero rigurosa a las transformaciones que la digitalización está generando en nuestro Derecho. A este tomo de introducción se suma un segundo sobre la regulación de los servicios digitales, y un tercero sobre protección de datosPublication Automation, Augmentation, Autonomy: Labour Regulation and the Digital Transformation of Managerial Prerogatives(Bloomsbury, 2022-11-29) Aloisi, Antonio; Gyulavári, Tamás; Menegatti, Emanuele; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter is written within the framework of the ‘Boss Ex Machina’ project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 893888. I am extremely grateful to Valerio De Stefano, Nastazja Potocka-Sionek, Silvia Rainone, the editors of this volume and my colleagues at IE University Law School for participating in an enriching discussion and providing invaluable feedback. Technologies together represent a constitutive component of modern societies, which is why their multifarious impacts have long been at the centre of scholarly and popular discourses. Understandably, their emergence has prompted both rosy expectations and justified anxieties. In addition to permeating almost all aspects of human life, digital advances are significantly altering workplace interactions and reshaping industrial processes. The world of work is arguably one of many areas in which the influence of new technology is increasingly tangible. Over the last few years, workers in all sectors have witnessed the frantic acceleration of the digital transformation, which has been further exacerbated (if not validated) by the Covid-19 pandemic necessitating the reorganisation of production methods while contributing to the widespread adoption of digital solutions intended to enable business continuity, facilitate remote working arrangements and keep people safe. Both during the most severe phases of the Covid-19 lockdowns and after the related restrictions were relaxed, the penetration of digital applications continued to reach astonishing peaks, corroborating their role as ‘privatised utilities’ for workers, employers and public institutions alike. Yet, the relevance of digital automation was prominent well before the pandemic struck. This exogenous event could, therefore, serve as a litmus test of the soundness of theories concerning human substitution, expanded managerial powers, skill displacement and efficiency enhancement....Publication Boss ex machina: employer powers in workplaces governed by algorithms and artificial intelligence(Giappichelli, 2023-04-13) Aloisi, Antonio; lo Faro, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Is the existing legal framework suitable for “algorithmic bosses”? What if technology ends up disrupting the traditional limits of the legitimate managerial powers? The overarching goal of this paper is to determine whether digital automation has resulted in the augmentation of the organisational, control and disciplinary prerogatives of employers, managers and supervisors. Prior to validating the hypothesis of the magnification of powers, which gives rise to what we call boss ex machina, it is worth examining the spectacular extravagance of the contract of employment. If viewed through the lens of power, the employment relationship is structurally ambivalent because it both enables a condition of employer supremacy and tones it down through mandatory provisions, process-based restraints and collectively negotiated counterweights. This entire system of “controlling factors” is currently experiencing sustained stress. Using plain language, this paper is structured into four sections. Section 2 reflects on the apparent aims of the employment relationship by disentangling the meaning of the dominant position held by employers. Building on this, Section 3 catalogues the most widespread technologies currently invading the workplace and argues that, despite their heterogenous usages, the common denominator is the possibility of capturing and elaborating information that can be used to support managers in making executive decisions. Section 4 establishes the perils of the augmentation of managerial prerogatives through the adoption of automated decision-making. Taking a multidimensional approach, it also introduces remedies from data protection and non-discrimination law that could be read in conjunction with employment legislation to tame these rampant algorithmic bosses. Section 5 wraps up the chapter and offers some concluding remarks.Publication Dé-Uberiser Le Marché Du Travail? Une Analyse Des Dispositions Relatives À La Gestion Algorithmique Prévues Dans La Proposition De Directive Européenne Sur Le Travail Via Une Plateforme(Larcier, 2025) Aloisi, Antonio; Potocka Sionek, Nastazja ; Daugareilh, Isabelle; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75-Publication Fundamental Labour Rights, Platform Work and Human-Rights Protection of Non-Standard Workers(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2018-02-28) De Stefano, Valerio; Aloisi, Antonio; Bellace, Janice R.; ter Haar, Beryl; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The spread of non-standard forms of employment in industrialised and developing countries over the last decades has prompted an extensive debate on how to reshape labour regulation to accommodate these new formats. However, limited attention has been devoted to the access of non-standard workers to fundamental labour rights. This chapter aims at reorienting the debate towards these neglected dimensions of labour regulation. In particular, it focuses on the risks affecting work in the so-called ‘gig’ or ‘platform’ economy, since the relative novelty of these forms of work may obscure the difficulties these workers face in enjoying fundamental labour rights. Platform workers, together with casual workers and some self-employed workers not only are more exposed to violations of fundamental rights but are also often excluded from the legal scope of application of these rights, which are sometimes reserved to workers in an employment relationship. This is particularly true for collective labour rights, as self-employed workers, including sham self-employed persons and platform workers, who are often deprived of full access to the rights of freedom of association and collective bargaining. This happens, for instance, when their collective activities are found to be in breach of antitrust regulation. This chapter maintains that preventing self-employed workers who do not own a genuine and significant business organisation from bargaining collectively is at odds with the recognition of the right to collective bargaining as a human and a fundamental right. Consequently, it argues that only self-employed individuals who do not provide ‘labour’ but instead provide services using an independent, genuine and significant business organisation that they own and manage can have their right to bargain collectively restricted.Publication Il tuo capo è un algoritmo : contro il lavoro disumano(Editori Laterza, 2020) De Stefano, Valerio; Aloisi, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Automazione, algoritmi, piattaforme, smart working: il mondo del lavoro sta vivendo una vera e propria rivoluzione. La paura è che crolli il numero degli occupati e che il lavoro umano venga riconosciuto e apprezzato sempre meno. Si teme la capacità di controllo dei software di intelligenza artificiale. Ma non esistono tecnologie buone e tecnologie cattive; esistono usi distorti e usi consapevoli delle invenzioni e delle innovazioni. La tecnologia cambia rapidamente e incide in profondità in tutti gli ambiti, con esiti spesso preoccupanti. È quello che accade al mondo del lavoro, tra trasformazione digitale, utilizzo dei robot e dell'intelligenza artificiale e diffusione delle piattaforme. Che cosa sta accadendo alle professioni che non sono state spazzate via dalla tecnologia? Come ci si confronta con strumenti di sorveglianza dei lavoratori sempre più pervasivi? Quante possibilità ci sono che il modello della gig-economy si affermi come nuovo paradigma produttivo? Che cosa potranno fare le parti sociali e le forze politiche per mettere in campo protezioni efficaci? La qualità del lavoro presente e futuro dipende da come esso è concepito, contrattato e organizzato. La trasformazione digitale può essere infatti un alleato indispensabile, dalla fabbrica alla scrivania, dal magazzino all'ufficio, ma va messa alla prova sul terreno della convenienza sociale e politica e non solo su quello della convenienza economica. Questo libro è uno strumento prezioso per orientarsi con coordinate precise sui nuovi scenari, sui rischi che corriamo e sulle scelte necessarie per affrontare il futuro.Publication Máquinas, algoritmos, plataformas digitales Facultades ampliadas y libertades virtuales. Notas sobre el futuro (del derecho) del trabajo(Tirant lo Blanch, 2020-05) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Seguramente puede decirse que las evoluciones actuales no presentan caracteres de linealidad. Esto, combinado con la naturaleza intrínsecamente cambiante de algunos fenómenos y las sinergias prometedoras entre los diferentes vectores de cambio, hace que todas las predicciones sean frágiles y, al mismo tiempo, nos desanima a mirar al pasado en busca de respuestas cíclicas. Por lo tanto, es conveniente volver a calibrar el enfoque de la discusión sobre el futuro del trabajo, tratando de descifrar las consecuencias de la automatización, la digitalización y de la plataformalización desde un punto de vista cualitativo. Las metamorfosis más profundas, como explica Eurofound, requieren a menudo una adecuación de las prácticas empresariales, de las infraestructuras sociales e incluso del marco institucional. Para hacerlo, es necesario abandonar cualquier visión ideológica de la promesa tecnológica, ya sea ésta apologética o apocalíptica. Sobre todo, es necesario realizar un esfuerzo analítico para evaluar secularmente los elementos de continuidad y discontinuidad, antes de emprender acciones judiciales y regulatorias. Las máquinas, los algoritmos y las plataformas constituyen un objetivo móvil; por lo tanto, es necesario que el legislador, los jueces, los emprendedores y las organizaciones sindicales valoren las virtudes de resiliencia del marco normativo laboral y traten de tejer una red de coherencia entre las opciones de las empresas y el marco normativo regulatorio.Publication The Quantified Worker: Law and Technology in the Modern Workplace, by Ifeoma Ajunwa(Wiley, 2023-10-13) Aloisi, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This book review is also available in French, in Revue internationale du Travail 163 (1), and Spanish, in Revista Internacional del Trabajo 143 (1).Publication The Role of European Institutions in Promoting Decent Work in the “Collaborative Economy”(Springer, 2018-04-18) Aloisi, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter aims at discussing the European approach to regulating the so-called “collaborative economy”, by looking at the main legislative initiatives regarding this set of fast-growing digital companies. Despite the potential efficiencies and benefits for customers, more recently, a counter-narrative has started revealing the “broken promise” of managing a contingent workforce mobilised on a “just in time” and “just in case” basis. The second section briefly describes the “collaborative economy” landscape and the dissemination of the heterogeneous category of “non-standard forms of employment” in the European scenario. The third section discusses the Uber case, the most visible symptom of a consolidated tendency towards fragmentation of the once solid relationship between the worker and the employing entity. In this respect, a recent ruling by the European Court of Justice on the nature of the service provided by the “transport platform” is analysed in depth. The fourth section investigates the European communications and resolutions which adapt the current legal framework and provide guidelines for regulating work in the collaborative economy, namely the Communication on the European agenda for the collaborative economy, the European Pillar of Social Rights, and other Parliamentary initiatives. The study is based on a theoretical and descriptive methodology. This chapter concludes by recommending a cautious regulatory approach. It has been highlighted that many online platforms are still in their business “infancy”, and experts genuinely do not know how they will develop. Consequently, legislative headlong rushes may end up crystallising the present state of the art, thus hindering “peripheral” entrepreneurial initiatives and blocking innovation. Surgical regulatory interventions shall help platform companies to adjust and improve their business model, in order to enter a new phase of “shared social responsibility”.Publication Tra Flessibilità Organizzativa E Sviluppo Sostenibile. Il South Working Nella Prospettiva Giuslavoristica(Donzelli Editore, 2022) Aloisi, Antonio; Corazza, Luisa; Mirabile, Mario; Militello, Elena; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75-Publication Workers Without Workplaces and Unions Without Unity: Non-Standard Forms of Employment, Platform Work and Collective Bargaining(SSRN, 2019-05-14) Aloisi, Antonio; Gramano, Elena; Pulignano, Valeria; Hendrickx, Frank; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Non-standard forms of employment (NSFE) are on the rise in different sectors and various countries all over the world. Concomitantly, technological and organizational change represents a major challenge for collective bargaining systems, given that they are often still predicated on the concept of a standard employment relationship. Meanwhile, some innovative and spontaneous solutions are emerging. In order for collective bargaining, unions, and business associations to continue to be impactful in the “new world of work”, it may be necessary to adapt the way they currently operate. There may also be a need to adjust or update the relevant legal frameworks. This article investigates challenges to freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining for non-standard workers, from a legal and practical perspective. In particular, the article examines the relevant legal framework with a critical approach and stresses the relevance of legal hurdles that non-standard workers face. After presenting the legal determinants of NSFE, the paper provides an analysis of existing legal frameworks regulating the organization of non-standard forms of work and the negotiation of terms and conditions of work at the supranational level, with a particular focus on the implications related to competition law and its rigid limits in the European Union system. Finally, it sketches a mapping of nascent initiatives of workers’ organization, by distinguishing classic resources of unionization from other tools (e.g. social media groups, strategic litigation, rating widgets) in a selection of European Union countries.Publication Your Boss Is an Algorithm Artificial Intelligence, Platform Work and Labour(Bloomsbury, 2022-07-14) Aloisi, Antonio; De Stefano, Valerio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75What effect do robots, algorithms, and online platforms have on the world of work? Using case studies and examples from across the EU, the UK, and the US, this book provides a compass to navigate this technological transformation as well as the regulatory options available, and proposes a new map for the era of radical digital advancements. From platform work to the gig-economy and the impact of artificial intelligence, algorithmic management, and digital surveillance on workplaces, technology has overwhelming consequences for everyone's lives, reshaping the labour market and straining social institutions. Contrary to preliminary analyses forecasting the threat of human work obsolescence, the book demonstrates that digital tools are more likely to replace managerial roles and intensify organisational processes in workplaces, rather than opening the way for mass job displacement. Can flexibility and protection be reconciled so that legal frameworks uphold innovation? How can we address the pervasive power of AI-enabled monitoring? How likely is it that the gig-economy model will emerge as a new organisational paradigm across sectors? And what can social partners and political players do to adopt effective regulation? Technology is never neutral. It can and must be governed, to ensure that progress favours the many. Digital transformation can be an essential ally, from the warehouse to the office, but it must be tested in terms of social and political sustainability, not only through the lenses of economic convenience. Your Boss Is an Algorithm offers a guide to explore these new scenarios, their promises, and perils.