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Publication A Blueprint on global legal Education. The European perspective(Springer Nature Singapore, 2022-07-14) Arias, Sonsoles; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter is based on the report “Blueprint on global legal education” by the International Bar Association and the Law Schools Global League that outlines the main trends and challenges that legal education faces globally. In this chapter, the coordinators of the report describe the quantitative and qualitative research methodology used to develop the report and reach the conclusions from the analysis, including the main key trends, challenges and opportunities emerging globally in current legal education, with a particular focus on Continental Europe. The key trends identified in global legal education include internationalization, technology and the development of new skills, while one of the main challenges identified is the regulation of legal education and the legal profession, an aspect that could hinder internationalization and innovation. Special mention should be made of legal education in the COVID-19 era. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, new challenges in legal education have arisen and need to be addressed.Publication A Critical Examination of a Third Employment Category for On- Demand Work (In Comparative Perspective)(Cambridge University Press, 2018-11-18) Cherry, Miriam; Aloisi, Antonio; Davidson, Nestor M.; Finck, Michele; Infranca, John J.; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75During the past fi ve years there have been a number of lawsuits in the United States as well as in Europe challenging the employment classifi cation of workers in the gig economy. Classification of a worker as an employee is an important “gateway” to determine who receives the protections of the labor and employment laws, including the right to organize, minimum wage, and unemployment compensation, as well as other obligations such as tax treatment. In response to both litigation and widespread confusion about how gig workers should be classifi ed, some commentators have proposed a “third” or “hybrid” category, situated between the categories of “employee” and “independent contractor.” Proponents often note that creating a third category would be a novel innovation, appropriately crafted and tailored for an era of digital platform work. However, as we have noted in a previous article, such an intermediate category of worker is actually not new. In this chapter we will provide snapshot summaries of fi ve legal systems that have experimented with implementing a legal tool similar to a third category to cover non- standard workers: in Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, and South Korea. These various legal systems have had diverse results. There has been success in some instances, and misadventure in others. We believe that examining these experiences closely will help to avoid potential problems that are beginning to surface in discussions about the third category and the gig economy. This chapter largely will forgo the background on how platforms operate or the description of the tasks workers do, instead focusing on the classification problem.Publication A Solution in Search of a Problem? Collective Rights and the Antitrust Labour Exemption in Italy(Cambridge University Press, 2022-05) Aloisi, Antonio; Gramano, Elena; Paul, Sanjukta; McCrystal, Shae; McGaughey, Ewan; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter investigates potential conflicts arising in the Italian legal framework between collective labour rights and the application of competition law to the constellation of personal labour relations that escape binary taxonomies. Its overarching goal is to understand whether and to what extent concerted wage-fixing practices are granted a special immunity. Historical evidence suggests that collective agreements covering the kaleidoscopic group of non-standard workers have never been targeted by the Italian competition authority. We situate the examination of labour antitrust exemption in the broader picture of the adequacy of the current mechanisms of “collective self-regulation” for self-employed workers. This chapter illustrates the Constitutional framework and case law developments on whether self-employed workers fall within the personal scope of collective rights. It also argues that several provisions corroborate that the Italian lawmaker often entrusts social partners in regulating specific aspects of the relationship of certain categories of self-employed workers. The chapter also presents a selection of collective agreements for non-standard workers, and then discusses how long-established trade unions have included non-standard workers in their membership through multiple, not necessarily successful, attempts. Finally, it presents practical hurdles that make it difficult to build impactful solidarity amongst non-standard workers.Publication Actividad De Promoción Y Fomento(2024-09-02) Pastor Merchante, Fernando; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75[No abstract available]Publication Algoritmos e inteligencia artificial en el entorno laboral(Tirant Lo Blanch, 2024-01-25) Aloisi, Antonio; Montero Pascual, José Manuel; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75El presente libro forma parte del Curso de Derecho digital, conjunto de tres tomos que, en forma de manual, proporciona una introducción sencilla pero rigurosa a las transformaciones que la digitalización está generando en nuestro Derecho. A este tomo de introducción se suma un segundo sobre la regulación de los servicios digitales, y un tercero sobre protección de datosPublication Análisis de la litigiosidad administrativa y contenciosoadministrativa en materia de responsabilidad patrimonial(Centro de Investigación de Justicia Administrativa, 2021-10-28) Pastor Merchante, Fernando; Díez Sastre, Silvia; Esteban Miguel, Alfonso; González Alonso, Alicia; Marco Peñas, Ester; Martín Delgado, Isaac; Martínez Sánchez, César; Pastor Merchante, Fernando; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75[No abstract available]Publication Arms Trade and Weapons Export Control: The Case of the European Arms Supplies to the Saudi/UAE-led coalition in the Context of the War in Yemen(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Aksenova, Marina; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75International arms sales are a thriving business giving rise to a host of legal concerns for both the supplying and the recipient countries. How much due diligence is a ‘sending’ state required to engage in before weapons are sold? Does state authorization effectively obviate the existence of fault in corporate officials supplying arms later to be used in the commission of war crimes? Finally, to what extent will the new Arms Trade Treaty change state practice? This contribution briefly examines some of the above-mentioned concerns with reference to the recent submission by the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) to the International Criminal Court in which the ECCHR advocates for the opening of preliminary examinations into the conduct of several European companies supplying arms to the Saudi/UAE-led coalition in the context of the war in Yemen.Publication Artificial Intelligence and International Conflict in Cyberspace: Exploring Three Sets of Issues(2023-05-11) Delerue, François; Cristiano, Fabio; Broeders, Dennis; Douzet, Frédérick; Géry, Aude; European Union’s Erasmus+; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This edited volume explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming international conflict in cyberspace. Over the past three decades, cyberspace developed into a crucial frontier and issue of international conflict. However, scholarly work on the relationship between AI and conflict in cyberspace has been produced along somewhat rigid disciplinary boundaries and an even more rigid sociotechnical divide – wherein technical and social scholarship are seldomly brought into a conversation. This is the first volume to address these themes through a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary approach. With the intent of exploring the question ‘what is at stake with the use of automation in international conflict in cyberspace through AI?’, the chapters in the volume focus on three broad themes, namely: (1) technical and operational, (2) strategic and geopolitical and (3) normative and legal. These also constitute the three parts in which the chapters of this volume are organised, although these thematic sections should not be considered as an analytical or a disciplinary demarcation. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber-conflict, AI, security studies and International Relations.Publication Automation, Augmentation, Autonomy: Labour Regulation and the Digital Transformation of Managerial Prerogatives(Bloomsbury, 2022-11-29) Aloisi, Antonio; Gyulavári, Tamás; Menegatti, Emanuele; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter is written within the framework of the ‘Boss Ex Machina’ project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 893888. I am extremely grateful to Valerio De Stefano, Nastazja Potocka-Sionek, Silvia Rainone, the editors of this volume and my colleagues at IE University Law School for participating in an enriching discussion and providing invaluable feedback. Technologies together represent a constitutive component of modern societies, which is why their multifarious impacts have long been at the centre of scholarly and popular discourses. Understandably, their emergence has prompted both rosy expectations and justified anxieties. In addition to permeating almost all aspects of human life, digital advances are significantly altering workplace interactions and reshaping industrial processes. The world of work is arguably one of many areas in which the influence of new technology is increasingly tangible. Over the last few years, workers in all sectors have witnessed the frantic acceleration of the digital transformation, which has been further exacerbated (if not validated) by the Covid-19 pandemic necessitating the reorganisation of production methods while contributing to the widespread adoption of digital solutions intended to enable business continuity, facilitate remote working arrangements and keep people safe. Both during the most severe phases of the Covid-19 lockdowns and after the related restrictions were relaxed, the penetration of digital applications continued to reach astonishing peaks, corroborating their role as ‘privatised utilities’ for workers, employers and public institutions alike. Yet, the relevance of digital automation was prominent well before the pandemic struck. This exogenous event could, therefore, serve as a litmus test of the soundness of theories concerning human substitution, expanded managerial powers, skill displacement and efficiency enhancement....Publication Bobby Baker: la normalización y el espacio público(Genueve Ediciones, 2019) Zarza García Arena, Clara; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75¿Cómo afectan las prácticas artísticas a los entornos y las personas que los realizan? Tiempos de habitar se proponen como una utopía concreta, siguiendo la formulación de Ernst Bloch, una utopía que se cumple en su propio inacabamiento, lugares intermedios de reflexión práctica a través del encuentro con lo otro y los otros, un tiempo de suspensión para replantear las posibilidades del ejercicio artístico como herramienta pública. El objetivo de este libro es investigar desde diversos contextos artísticos, económicos y regionales de Latinoamérica y Europa de qué manera las prácticas artísticas pueden crear esfera pública, generar otros entornos habitables desde lo performativo y proponer otros ámbitos de sociabilidad desde lo artístico. La práctica artística es un espacio de investigación que rompe lógicas ya asumidas y contiene una posibilidad de libertad creativa de procedimientos para descubrir nuevas vías no predeterminadas de investigación. “Sin embargo —como afirma Diego Agulló, uno de los autores de este volumen—, no existe garantía alguna de ir caminando hacia el lugar correcto, en todo momento se trata de un experimento, un ensayo y error en constante renegociación. No se puede pretender saber qué mundo queremos sin ponerlo en juego desde el hacer, desde el estar ya desde siempre haciendo mundo con lo otro”.Publication Boss ex machina: employer powers in workplaces governed by algorithms and artificial intelligence(Giappichelli, 2023-04-13) Aloisi, Antonio; lo Faro, Antonio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Is the existing legal framework suitable for “algorithmic bosses”? What if technology ends up disrupting the traditional limits of the legitimate managerial powers? The overarching goal of this paper is to determine whether digital automation has resulted in the augmentation of the organisational, control and disciplinary prerogatives of employers, managers and supervisors. Prior to validating the hypothesis of the magnification of powers, which gives rise to what we call boss ex machina, it is worth examining the spectacular extravagance of the contract of employment. If viewed through the lens of power, the employment relationship is structurally ambivalent because it both enables a condition of employer supremacy and tones it down through mandatory provisions, process-based restraints and collectively negotiated counterweights. This entire system of “controlling factors” is currently experiencing sustained stress. Using plain language, this paper is structured into four sections. Section 2 reflects on the apparent aims of the employment relationship by disentangling the meaning of the dominant position held by employers. Building on this, Section 3 catalogues the most widespread technologies currently invading the workplace and argues that, despite their heterogenous usages, the common denominator is the possibility of capturing and elaborating information that can be used to support managers in making executive decisions. Section 4 establishes the perils of the augmentation of managerial prerogatives through the adoption of automated decision-making. Taking a multidimensional approach, it also introduces remedies from data protection and non-discrimination law that could be read in conjunction with employment legislation to tame these rampant algorithmic bosses. Section 5 wraps up the chapter and offers some concluding remarks.Publication Child Custody Laws and Household Outcomes(Springer Nature, 2022-09-06) Fernández Kranz, Daniel; Roff, Jennifer; Zimmermann, Klaus; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Shared parenting or joint physical custody is an increasingly common phenomenon in many Western countries. While one strand of the economics literature on this topic has taken a theoretical approach, examining the efficiency and distributional effects of joint custody within marriage, most of the literature has focused on identifying the effects of shared parenting empirically. However, an empirical analysis of shared parenting and its consequences is difficult for multiple reasons, including selection in joint custody and data ambiguity in identifying “friendly” joint custody legal regimes. This Handbook chapter provides an overview of the legal treatment of shared parenting internationally and within the USA and discuss the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of shared parenting on family outcomes. The chapter conclude with directions for future research.Publication China: negociación e inversión extranjera joint ventures e implicaciones jurídicas(Tirant lo blanch, 2012) Galeote, Pilar; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75La obra -China: negociación e inversión extranjera. Joint Ventures e implicaciones jurídicas-, plantea como objetivo demostrar que el inversor occidental, que trata de hacer negocios en la RPC, debe tener en cuenta multitud de variables derivadas de la idiosincrasia china. Variables que son muy diferentes a las que manejamos en Occidente y que, de no conocerlas, pueden llevar a un fracaso en la entrada en dicho mercado. Esta es la finalidad que pretendemos con este libro: tratar de diagnosticar las distintas variables que caracterizan la manera de hacer negocios en la RPC. Una vez diagnosticadas tratamos de ofrecer al inversor occidental las herramientas fundamentales para poder acercarse a ese mercado, elegir la forma de entrada apropiada y superar las dificultades que puedan amenazarle.Publication Ciudadanía de la Unión, Derechos de Voto y Nacionalidad(Aranzadi, 2023) Garot, Marie José; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Hace treinta años, en la Conferencia Intergubernamental de 1991, España propuso el establecimiento de una ciudadanía europea: una nueva institución jurídica al servicio del ciudadano, que formalizaba un doble vínculo político, con el Estado miembro y con la Unión. A esa ciudadanía europea, complementaria de la nacional, se asociaban un haz de derechos que en aquel momento del proceso de integración constituían un avance importante. También se establecía un procedimiento especial para completarlos con el paso del tiempo. Sin embargo, treinta años después, esas expectativas de actualización no se han cumplido. En una Unión cuya dimensión política no ha dejado de fortalecerse, el estatuto de la ciudadanía europea requiere una profundización. En ese lazo político - institucional que constituye la ciudadanía europea nos jugamos en gran medida el futuro de la democracia europea y, por ende, el futuro de la Unión. La libre circulación de personas, considerado uno de los mayores logros de la integración por los ciudadanos europeos, ha conllevado un aumento notable del número de ciudadanos que residen y trabajan en otro Estado miembro diferente al de su nacionalidad. La contribución de estos ciudadanos a las sociedades que los acogen y en aras a reforzar la identidad europea, requiere de un mayor esfuerzo por parte de los Estados miembros de fortalecer los derechos de los ciudadanos europeos. Esta obra recopila algunos de los temas de mayor relevancia en relación con la ciudadanía europea.Publication Coalition cabinets, presidential ideological adjustment and legislative success(CRV, 2019) Arnold, Christian; Doyle, David; Wiesehomeier, Nina; Oliveira Xavier, Lídia; Dominguez Avila, Carlos Federico; Fonseca, Vicente,; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75[No abstract available]Publication Conclusion: Universality, dignity, and the five great elements(Edward Elgard, 2023-05-18) Aksenova, Marina; Gantheret, Fiana; Guibert, Nolwenn; Stolk, Sofia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The concluding chapter builds bridges between the notions of art and aesthetics, human rights, universality, and dignity. The fields of aesthetics and human rights strive towards universality that transcends identities. Our ability to appreciate beauty is universal even if individual tastes differ with respect to the specific artistic object. Human rights discourse embraces universality in the form of human dignity - an irreducible core uniting all people and rendering them worthy of rights and duties simply by virtue of existing. The second part of the chapter draws on Indian philosophy in exploring the idea of universality through the five great elements - earth, water, fire, air, and space. Each element corresponds to a set of principles governing all of life, including solidity, fluidity, and transformation. Each chapter in this volume is then brought under this classification based on intuitive insight.Publication Connectivity in the Virtual Office Space: Catalyst or Impediment to TMT Agility?(Springer, 2022) Scarlat, Elvira; Neacsu, Ionela; M. Elvira, Marta; Rodríguez-Lluesma, Carlos; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75In today’s fast-paced and uncertain business landscape, coping with technology developments, increased demand for innovative products, and competitive shifts require top management teams (TMTs) to respond to these challenges with increasingly higher levels of agility. Given the recent rise of ICT in business communication, in this conceptual paper we build on the attention-based view of the firm to shed light on the impact of ICT in shaping the TMT agility. We discuss how ICT can either enhance or impair TMT agility, and identify TMT- and firm-level contingencies that boost the interplay between the two concepts.Publication Consumer protection in the metaverse(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024-08-23) Elizalde, Francisco de; European Union’s Erasmus+; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This Research Handbook analyses the role of law in a universe fractured by new disruptive technologies such as metaverse platforms. Contributing authors explore how the law will adapt as new dimensions of the metaverse are introduced to issues such as intellectual property rights, e-commerce, NFTs and cryptocurrencies, data privacy, contract law, as well as human rights, consumer law and criminal law. The abuse and manipulation of users is studied in several contributions.Publication Contribuciones del Análisis Económico del Derecho de Sociedades(Tirant lo blanch, 2018) Marcos, Francisco; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75El propósito de este artículo es dar cuenta de las principales aportaciones que el análisis económico del Derecho (AED) ha hecho en el estudio e investigación del Derecho de sociedades en España. Seguramente, el principal aporte ha consistido en enfatizar el carácter contractual de las sociedades de capital, pero también ha proporcionado herramientas y perspectivas distintas para resolver los tradicionales problemas y típicos conflictos societarios.Publication Courts in the Constitution making process: Paradoxes and Justifications(Taylor & Francis, 2019-10-16) Kouroutakis, Antonios; Belov, Martin; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This chapter examines the role of the judiciary in four constitutional orders, Colombia, South Africa, Honduras, and Nepal in the constitution-making process in 1991, 1993, 2009, and 2011, respectively. It highlights paradoxes but also to offer justifications, both formal and substantive, for the intervention of the courts in the constitutionalization of a new legal order. The chapter argues that the existence of an interim constitution or a total revision of the existing constitution may grant direct authority to the court to intervene in the constitution-making process, for instance by controlling the constituent assembly, reviewing its acts and even certifying the final constitutional document. It examines the formal justifications for the courts’ intervention. The chapter focuses on the case of South Africa and shows that the existence of an interim constitution may provide the positive law ground for the courts’ intervention. It also focuses on the substantive grounds that permit the courts’ intervention in such process, when formal justifications are absent.