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Publication A geometric characterization of sensitivity analysis in monomial models(Elsevier Inc., 2022) Riccomagno, Eva; Leonelli, Manuele; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Sensitivity analysis in probabilistic discrete graphical models is usually conducted by varying one probability at a time and observing how this affects output probabilities of interest. When one probability is varied,then others are proportionally covaried to respect the sum-to-one condition of probabilities. The choice of proportional covariation is justified by multiple optimality conditions,under which the original and the varied distributions are as close as possible under different measures. For variations of more than one parameter at a time and for the large class of discrete statistical models entertaining a regular monomial parametrisation,we demonstrate the optimality of newly defined proportional multi-way schemes with respect to an optimality criterion based on the I-divergence. We demonstrate that there are varying parameters' choices for which proportional covariation is not optimal and identify the sub-family of distributions where the distance between the original distribution and the one where probabilities are covaried proportionally is minimum. This is shown by adopting a new geometric characterization of sensitivity analysis in monomial models,which include most probabilistic graphical models. We also demonstrate the optimality of proportional covariation for multi-way analyses in Naive Bayes classifiers. © 2022 The Author(s)Publication A Universal Screening Tool for Dyslexia by a Web-Game and Machine Learning(Frontiers, 2022-01-03) Rello, Luz; Rauschenberge, Maria; Baeza Yates, Ricardo; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Children with dyslexia have difficulties learning how to read and write. They are often diagnosed after they fail school even if dyslexia is not related to general intelligence. Early screening of dyslexia can prevent the negative side effects of late detection and enables early intervention. In this context, we present an approach for universal screening of dyslexia using machine learning models with data gathered from a web-based language-independent game. We designed the game content taking into consideration the analysis of mistakes of people with dyslexia in different languages and other parameters related to dyslexia like auditory perception as well as visual perception. We did a user study with 313 children (116 with dyslexia) and train predictive machine learning models with the collected data. Our method yields an accuracy of 0.74 for German and 0.69 for Spanish as well as a F1-score of 0.75 for German and 0.75 for Spanish, using Random Forests and Extra Trees, respectively. We also present the game content design, potential new auditory input, and knowledge about the design approach for future research to explore Universal screening of dyslexia. universal screening with language-independent content can be used for the screening of pre-readers who do not have any language skills, facilitating a potential early intervention.Publication Autonomous Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models(Cornell University, 2024-06-25) Valogianni, Konstantina; Kepel, Daan; OpenAI Researcher Access Program; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Prompt engineering is a crucial yet challenging task for optimizing the performance of large language models (LLMs) on customized tasks. This pioneering research introduces the Automatic Prompt Engineering Toolbox (APET), which enables GPT-4 to autonomously apply prompt engineering techniques. By leveraging sophisticated strategies such as Expert Prompting, Chain of Thought, and Tree of Thoughts, APET empowers GPT-4 to dynamically optimize prompts, resulting in substantial improvements in tasks like Word Sorting (4.4% increase) and Geometric Shapes (6.8% increase). Despite encountering challenges in complex tasks such as Checkmate in One (-14.8%), these findings demonstrate the transformative potential of APET in automating complex prompt optimization processes without the use of external data. Overall, this research represents a significant leap in AI development, presenting a robust framework for future innovations in autonomous AI systems and highlighting the ability of GPT-4 to bring prompt engineering theory to practice. It establishes a foundation for enhancing performance in complex task performance and broadening the practical applications of these techniques in real-world scenarios.Publication Causal ABMs: Learning Plausible Causal Models using Agent-based Modeling(SSRN, 2022-08-15) Valogianni, Konstantina; Padmanabhan, Balaji; Qiu, Liangfei; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75We present Causal ABM, a methodology to derive causal structures describing complex underlying behavioral phenomena. Agent-based models (ABMs) have powerful advantages for causal modeling that have not been explored sufficiently. Unlike traditional causal estimation approaches which often result in “one best” causal structure that is learned, two properties of ABMs - equifinality (the ability of different sets of conditions or model representations to yield the same outcome) and mutlifinality (the same ABM might yield different outcomes) - can be exploited to learn multiple diverse “plausible causal models” from data. Using an illustrative example of news sharing on social networks we show how this idea can be applied to learn such causal sets. We also show how genetic algorithms can be used as a estimation technique to learn multiple plausible causal models from data due to their parallel search structure. However, significant computational challenges remain before this can be generally applied, and we, therefore, highlight specific key issues that need to be addressed in future work.Publication ‘Cloud Security’: cómo migrar datos a la nube minimizando riesgos(Harvard Deusto, 2020) Arenas, Álvaro; Aparicio, Fernando; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Las organizaciones están migrando a los servicios en la nube (también conocidos como ‘cloud computing’), algunas con más cautela que otras, conscientes de los riesgos de seguridad inherentes no solo a lo que se refiere a la computación ‘cloud’, sino también al propio proceso de migración. En este artículo exponemos los usos y ventajas para el márketing de la migración a la nube, los principales desafíos que plantea este proceso y cómo debemos abordar una estrategia segura de ‘cloud computing’Publication Does Sharing Economy Have a Moral Capital? Comparing Semantic Networks in Social Media and News Media(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2021-05-13) Ravindran, Kiron; Colleoni, Elanor; Elanor, Colleoni; Nuccio, Ludovico; Illia, Laura; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Sharing Economy organizations appear to enjoy positive moral capital associated with supporting local entrepreneurs, the economy, and the environment. However, they operate in a regulatory limbo allowing them to engage in business practices that would not be permitted in other sectors. Hence a question remains: Does Sharing Economy (SE) have a moral capital? To explore whether the sharing economy has a moral capital, we explored the discussions around Uber after a number of scandals in 2017 in news media and on Twitter. Our findings show that news media play a critical role in developing and maintaining a positive moral capital of Uber, while the general public on Twitter tend to be more negative and do not afford SE much moral capital.Publication Educational reinforcement measures in literacy: the case of the Dyslexia Aid program in the Comunidad de Madrid(Gobierno de Espana Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, 2021) Sevilla, Almudena; Cuevas Ruiz, Pilar; Sanz, Ismael; Rello, Luz; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75In this article,we evaluate the Dyslexia Aid program of the Community of Madrid in the 2018-2019 academic year,aimed at primary school students with reading and writing difficulties. The program consists of two tools: a) a test to check students who have literacy difficulties and b) up to 42,000 exercises on a digital platform to work and reinforce these skills. 7.55 % (n = 1,022) of the students had reading and writing difficulties. The results of the analysis show that there is no correlation between the participation of the school in the program and the performance of the students at these schools in the external and standardized tests of Mathematics and Language,but there is in the case of English. When disaggregating the results by gender,a strong and positive association of the Dyslexia Help project is observed for girls in Language arts and English (and,as one might expect,not so much in Mathematics),while for boys it is only significant in English. However,schools that participate in this intervention have better results and students from a higher socio-economic background. The different characteristics of the schools could explain their participation,which was voluntary,in the Dyslexia Aid program. The future line of research proposes to exploit through a differences-in-differences analysis that there has been a new call for the program in the 2021-2022 academic year,in which new schools have been incorporated. © 2021,Gobierno de Espana Secretaria de Estado de Comercio. All rights reserved.Publication How does IT affect design centricity approaches: Evidence from Spain’s smart tourism ecosystem(Elsevier, 2019-04) Arenas, Álvaro; Goh, Jie Mein; Urueña, Alberto; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Little or no prior work has examined how information technology enables the development of a design centered digital ecosystem. To examine this research question, we employ a capabilities lens and identify the pathways through which IT drives the development of a design centric smart tourism ecosystem. We analyzed archival data and data collected from interviews conducted in Spain, a country which has embarked on smart destinations projects and topped the World Economic Forum’s Travel and Competitiveness Index. From our analysis, we delineate and identify specific IT-enabled capabilities important for a country implementing smart tourism projects. We find that many of the IT resources available help develop key capabilities necessary for creating a design centric smart tourism ecosystem.Publication How To Keep Your Information Secure Toward A Better Understanding Of Users Security Behavior(Elsevier, 2024-01) Arenas, Álvaro; Ray, Guatam; Hidalgo, Antonio; Urueña, Alberto; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Use of computers and the Internet is an integral part of our lives, with business becoming more digital. As a result, individuals are using their home computers to perform diverse tasks and to store sensitive data. This paper investigates the relative efficacy of two strategies to protect home computers from security threats: security tools and security activities. For the analysis, we collected data from over 1900 individuals in Spain, following an approach combining self- reported data, via an online survey, with actual data collected directly from home users' computers. The main contribution of the paper is to provide a model, based on routine activity theory, explaining the role of security tools and security activities in protecting personal computers from malware infection, thus offering an in-depth understanding of users' security behavior. Using multivariate, logit and probit regressions, our study reveals that having security tools is positively related with higher risk activities and more infections, while pursuing security activities reduces malware infections. These results have important implications for policy makers and organizations, reinforcing the view that security tools are not sufficient to protect users from malware infection, and the need to develop security education and awareness programs for computer users.Publication Identifying the business model dimensions of data sharing: A value-based approach(Wiley, 2019-01-22) Arenas, Álvaro ; Goh, Jie Mein; Matthews, Brian; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75This study aimed to investigate the underlying business model of organizations that have data sharing at the core of their activities. Previous work has stressed that data-sharing projects need to be sustainable in the long term, and highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of the operation model of existing data-sharing initiatives. To investigate this important issue, we took a qualitative approach to uncover the dynamics of value creation in data sharing. Using a case study method, we examined two data-sharing sites across different areas. We conducted semistructured interviews with managers from data centers and other stakeholders, and reviewed documents about the technical and managerial practices to determine the main characteristics of their business models. In addition, we applied the e3-value modeling methodology to tease out the value flows within each site. Our findings demonstrated the importance of the value network dimension of a business model, as data sharing relies on a set of actors creating and getting value in the process, and the significance of intangible assets. The main contributions of this study include extending current understanding on data-sharing business models by analyzing key dimensions, and uncovering how value is created and transferred in data sharing.Publication Impact of digital leadership capability on innovation performance: The role of platform digitization capability(Elsevier, 2022-03) Benitez, Jose; Arenas, Álvaro; Castillo, Ana; Esteves, José; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Following a mixed-methods approach, we theorized that digital leadership influences innovation performance by digitalizing the firm's platform. A multiple case study of ten companies was deployed to derive a theoretical model relating digital leadership and innovation performance. The resulting model was empirically tested on a sample of 117 European firms. We find that digital leadership improves a firm's innovation performance by digitalizing the firm's platform. We contribute to IS research by theoretically developing the concepts of digital leadership capability and platform digitization capability and empirically analyzing the relationship of these two critical IT capabilities and their impact on innovation performance.Publication Improving Reading Through Videogames and Digital Apps: A Systematic Review(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Ostiz Blanco, Mikel; Bernacer, Javier; García Arbizu, Irati; Díaz Sánchez, Patricia; Lallier, Marie; Arrondo, Gonzalo; Rello, Luz; Carnegie Mellon University; Universidad de Navarra; Fundación Caja Navarra; Fundación Banco Sabadell; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Background: The use of electronic interventions to improve reading is becoming a common resource. This systematic review aims to describe the main characteristics of randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies that have used these tools to improve first-language reading,in order to highlight the features of the most reliable studies and guide future research. Methods: The whole procedure followed the PRISMA guidelines,and the protocol was registered before starting the process (doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/CKM4N). Searches in Scopus,PubMed,Web of Science and an institutional reference aggregator (Unika) yielded 6,230 candidate articles. After duplicate removal,screening,and compliance of eligibility criteria,55 studies were finally included. Results: They were research studies on improving first-language reading,both in children and adults,and including a control group. Thirty-three different electronic tools were employed,most of them in English,and studies were very diverse in sample size,length of intervention,and control tasks. Risk of bias was analyzed with the PEDro scale,and all studies had a medium or low risk. However,risk of bias due to conflicts of interest could not be evaluated in most studies,since they did not include a statement on this issue. Conclusion: Future research on this topic should include randomized intervention and control groups,with sample sizes over 65 per group,interventions longer than 15 h,and a proper disclosure of possible conflicts of interest. Systematic Review Registration: The whole procedure followed the PRISMA guidelines,and the protocol was registered before starting the process in the Open Science Framework (doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/CKM4N). © Copyright © 2021 Ostiz-Blanco,Bernacer,Garcia-Arbizu,Diaz-Sanchez,Rello,Lallier and Arrondo.Publication Information Systems Research for Smart Sustainable Mobility: A Framework and Call for Action(Informs, 2023-09-03) Ketter, Wolfgang; Schroer, Karsten; Valogianni, Konstantina; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Transportation is a backbone of modern globalized societies. It also causes approximately one third of all European Union and U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, represents a major health hazard for global populations, and poses significant economic costs (e.g., due to traffic congestion). However, rapid innovation in vehicle technology, mobile connectivity, computing hardware, and artificial intelligence–powered information systems heralds a deep socio-technical transformation of the sector. The emergence of connected, autonomous, shared, and electric vehicle technology has created a digital layer that resides on top of the traditional physical mobility system. The resulting layered modular architecture is similar to that seen in other cyber-physical systems. Yet, it also comes with several characteristics and challenges that are unique to the domain of mobility and require entirely new solution approaches. Although other management and domain-specific research disciplines have started to embrace the new opportunities for research resulting from this deep structural change, the information systems (IS) community’s involvement in smart mobility research has been marginal. Yet, we argue that our field’s uniquely multidisciplinary, data-driven, and socio-technical research lens puts it in a strong position to address many of the large-scale societal challenges encountered in the mobility sector. Therefore, we make the case for IS research to play an active role in delivering a smart sustainable mobility ecosystem that is beneficial to users, mobility providers and the environment. We contribute a research framework to direct IS research efforts while providing a shared understanding of the smart sustainable mobility domain. We also present seven IS research opportunities along the dimensions of this framework and propose concrete angles of attack which we hope will spur an impactful and structured research agenda in the area.Publication IT value creation in public sector: how IT-enabled capabilities mitigate tradeoffs in public organisations(Taylor & Francis, 2020-01-06) Goh, Jie Mein; Arenas, Álvaro; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Governments today are striving to improve services in the public sector through digital transformation programs but face tremendous pressures from multiple fronts (economy, national security, healthcare, education, etc.). Even when worldwide enterprise IT spending for the government and education markets has been increasing and is expected to surpass $652 billion in 2023 to cater to such transformation programs, 80% of the government transformation efforts failed to achieve expected results. A plausible reason for this lacklustre performance could be the presence of tradeoffs or conflicts that is particularly salient in public organisations. To better understand the mechanisms by which IT enables or inhibits capabilities of the public organisations in attaining public value, we adopt a conflict resolution lens to study how information technology (IT) enabled capabilities to mitigate these tradeoffs. Using a dataset collected from public organisations in a European country unreeling from a financial crisis, we examine the processes by which IT enables public organisations to manage the tradeoffs arising from conflicting value-based goals. We identify three mitigation strategies facilitated via IT-enabled organisational capabilities – bias, tunnelling and hybridisation. This paper contributes to the understanding of how IT mitigates value-based tradeoffs in public organisations to achieve public value.Publication Lucy and the Chocolate Factory: Warehouse Robotics and Worker Safety(SSRN, 2023-03-20) Ravindran, Kiron; Burtch, Gordon; Greenwood, Brad; European Union’s Erasmus+; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75We examine the implications of robotics for warehouse worker safety. While warehouse automation has the potential to reduce injuries by eliminating high-risk tasks, it may also increase injuries among remaining non-automated tasks, due to reduced task variety and an accelerated pace of work. Our findings provide evidence of both effects: warehouse robotics are associated with a 40% decrease in severe injuries but a 77% increase in non-severe injuries. We provide subsequent evidence that the rise in non-severe injuries is at least partially attributable to the increased pace of work at robotics facilities. The implications of our findings for regulators, policymakers, workers, and firms are discussed within.Publication Medidas educativas de refuerzo en lectoescritura el caso del programa de Ayuda a la Dislexia en la Comunidad de Madrid(Ministerio de economia comercio y empresa, 2021-11-30) Rello, Luz; Sevilla, Almudena; Cuevas Ruiz, Pilar; Sanz, Ismael; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75En este artículo evaluamos el programa de Ayuda a la Dislexia de la Comunidad de Madrid en el curso 2018-2019 dirigido a alumnos de primaria con dificultades lectoescritoras. El programa consiste en dos herramientas: a) una prueba para comprobar los alumnos que presentan dificul-tades de lectoescritura, y b) hasta 42.000 ejercicios en una plataforma digital para trabajar y re-forzar esas competencias. Un 7,55 % (n=1,022) de los alumnos presentaban dificultades lectoes-critoras. Los resultados del análisis muestran que no existe correlación entre la participación del centro en el programa y el rendimiento de los alumnos de esos colegios en las pruebas externas y estandarizadas de Matemáticas y Lengua, pero sí para el caso de Inglés. Al desglosar los resulta-dos por género, se observa una asociación fuerte y positiva del proyecto Ayuda a la Dislexia para las chicas en Lengua e Inglés (y, como se podría esperar, no tanto en Matemáticas), mientras quepara los chicos solo es significativa en Inglés. No obstante, se ha comprobado que los centrosque participan en esta intervención tenían mejores resultados que los centros no tratados y que sus alumnos provienen de un entorno socioeconómico más elevado. Las diferentes características delos colegios tratados podrían explicar su participación, que era voluntaria, en el programade Ayuda a la Dislexia. La línea de investigación futura plantea explotar a través de un análisis de diferencias en diferencias que ha habido una nueva convocatoria del programa en el curso 2021-2022, en la que se han incorporado nuevos centros educativos para analizar si existe causalidad.Publication Mens rea, wrongdoing and digital advocacy in social media: Exploring quasi-legal narratives during #deleteuber boycott(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022) Illia, Laura; Colleoni, Elanor; Ludovico, Nuccio; Ravindran, Kiron; Fundación BBVA; Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria; York University; University of Fribourg; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75#Boycotts represent digital advocacy attempts in which users publicly punish an organization as a lurata (i.e.,jury),which assesses the guilty intent,the mens rea (i.e.,guilty mind),from a set of visible acts,the actus reus (i.e.,wrongdoings). Yet,we know little about the quasi-legal narratives advocated by users. To this aim,we developed a mixed method study of the #deleteuber boycott on Twitter. Our findings suggest that while users advocate both an Uber-specific and a shared mens rea of Uber with sharing economy firms or the tech giants of Silicon Valley,the latter narrative is the most prominent one; its use depends on whether users are part of a lurata of influencers or not. These findings provide a contribution to studies on public affairs that focus on online activism,boycotts in social media and digital advocacy because they increase our understanding of the opaque legal motivations that provoke boycotters. Also,they highlight that social media blurs the boundaries between boycotts directed at the firm from the boycotts arising indirectly due to the shameful acts of the industry or peers.Publication Online social games: The effect of social comparison elements on continuance behaviour(Elsevier, 2021-04-01) Esteves, José; Greenhill, Anita; Valogianni, Konstantina; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Online social games, played within social networks or games requiring social interaction with peers, are revolutionizing the nature of video-games due to their social aspect and the ability of users to compare their performance with their friends or people in their network. Social comparison features, such as leaderboards, individual scores, achievement badges and level maps, are commonly used in online games to enforce the social interaction of players. However, one of the biggest challenges that the social game industry is currently facing is the ability to increase user enjoyment, and keep its players engaged in the games. To probe more deeply into whether and how players’ continuance intention is influenced by social comparison processes, we combine two theoretical lenses: social comparison theory and self-efficacy theory. We conducted real-world data collection to measure the impact of social comparisons in player perceived enjoyment, online social gaming self-efficacy and game continuance. The results indicate that upward identification and downward contrast are the most influential comparison elements in game continuance. The results of these two comparisons have significant implications for both the theoretical application of social comparison in online settings and for the practical implications of future game design.Publication Predicting risk of dyslexia with an online gamified test(Public Library of Science, 2020) Baeza Yates, Ricardo; Ali, Abdullah; Bigham, Jeffrey ; Serra, Miquel; Rello, Luz; National Science Foundation; Universidad San Jorge; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder related to school failure. Detection is both crucial and challenging,especially in languages with transparent orthographies,such as Spanish. To make detecting dyslexia easier,we designed an online gamified test and a predictive machine learning model. In a study with more than 3,600 participants,our model correctly detected over 80% of the participants with dyslexia. To check the robustness of the method we tested our method using a new data set with over 1,300 participants with age customized tests in a different environment -a tablet instead of a desktop computer- reaching a recall of over 78% for the class with dyslexia for children 12 years old or older. Our work shows that dyslexia can be screened using a machine learning approach. An online screening tool in Spanish based on our methods has already been used by more than 200,000 people. © 2020 Rello et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author and source are credited.Publication Profiling spanish prospective buyers of electric vehicles based on demographics(MDPI, 2021) Esteves, José; Alonso Martínez, Daniel; Haro, Guillermo de; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75As traffic congestion and air pollution rise at alarming rates in many cities worldwide,new smart technologies are emerging to meet the urban mobility challenge. In addition,automotive firms have transformed their business models to make them more sustainable and to adjust to demand response. Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a viable option to reduce ecological damage and improve public health. However,in the previous literature,no consensus has been reached on the profile of prospective buyers of EVs. Based on a large-scale sample of Spanish citizens and using cluster analysis,our study provides a better understanding of the demographics of such prospective buyers. We identified four types of EV prospective buyers. Our results show that although men have a strong preference for EVs,low-income older women prove to be the most EV-aware group; their automotive driving experience and concern for sustainability could be among the underlying causes of this particular interest. Another valuable insight is the greater partiality of older people for EVs. These findings have many implications for managers,especially in the automotive industry,policymakers,and sustainability strategists. They show that EV prospective buyers should not be approached as a homogeneous group but as a heterogeneous group with different socio-demographic characteristics that might help decision-makers make better business decisions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland.