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Publication A Study of Digital Health Innovation Trends in the UE(IE University, 2020-12-28) Jeffrey, Genevieve; Machado, Diogo; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Europe is facing the rising challenge of an ageing population and changing disease patterns. In addition, the care workforce is insufficient (a lack of staff in social care can have direct effects on the quality of healthcare). Digital health innovations and, in particular, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, Big Data and the Internet of Things (IoT) have the potential to alleviate some of these strains. This realization has led to the appearance of a plethora of digital health companies and devices, as well as initiatives and policies to incentivize their development and implementation. The novelty and rapid pace of technological development in the digital arena has so far made it difficult to analyse and rationalize its growth and composition patterns across European countries. To overcome this gap we have mined the worldwide patent database, identifying countries that are leading in digital health innovation and gaining insights on the particular areas that are being favoured. The data shows that most of the innovation is driven by just a few European countries, led by Germany, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom. Big data analytics is still the dominant area across biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications, but in MedTech, artificial intelligence applications have also grown significantly. Countries leading in digital health innovation have developed policies and initiatives to support and encourage it, while preparing for its risks.Publication Actitudes de los inversores españoles ante el Capital Privado(IE University, 2019-11-22) Martin, Eusebio; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75El Capital Privado es un activo crecientemente relevante en las carteras de los Inversores de todo el mundo. A pesar de su liquidez y su relativa opacidad, éstos se muestran mayoritariamente satisfechos con él, por lo que los importes bajo gestión en fondos de Capital Privado no han dejado de aumentar desde los años 90, y hoy superan los 4 trillones de euros, unas cuatro veces el PIB de España. Este aumento de los recursos a largo plazo canalizados por los fondos de Capital Privado hacia las empresas tiene un impacto favorable en la economía. Hay amplia evidencia de que las empresas participadas por Fondos de Capital Privado crean más puestos de trabajo, invierten más y de manera más efectiva en I+D, y se expanden más internacionalmente. En particular, los fondos de Venture Capital facilitan la aparición de innovaciones que aumentan la productividad al apoyar en sus etapas iniciales a empresas intensivas en conocimiento o con tecnologías disruptivas.Publication Artificial intelligence in healthcare: a technological perspective(IE University, 2020-12-18) Gallego, Marcos; Berman, Adam; Crispin, Mireia; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the key technological innovations shaping our modern world. The growing availability of digital health data, combined with the newest technical advancements in computing and data science, form the perfect environment for data-driven, AI-powered medicine to flourish. Many of the challenges presented by AI arise from its very foundation, from biases to transparency or generalizability. This chapter therefore focuses on presenting the basic ideas behind AI algorithms. In particular, it focuses on the different types of learning (supervised vs. unsupervised, shallow vs. deep), and discusses some of the most popular ways in which AI methods have been applied in healthcare. We then discuss the main technological pitfalls, and summarize them into four key questions on transparency, overfitting, performance and robustness that AI models with translational ambitions should be able to address adequately. Finally, AI has the potential to go beyond simple applications, and become one of the key tools to connect medical research and clinical practice. We suggest that, if the field progresses steadily despite all the complexities, it could become the backbone of a knowledge-generating feedback loop between the two.Publication Barómetro de fidelización IE-Inloyalty 2018: el reto de la fidelización de clientes visto desde las empresas españolas(IE University, 2019-03-07) Sinha, Shameek; Serra, Teresa; Stamatogiannakis, Antonios; Gonçalves, Dilney; Díaz Bernardo, Ramón; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Descripción de la investigación: Encuesta nacional (España), Online, 900 personas, 9 categorías de productos, 2 canales de compra en cada categoría de producto – tienda física y online. Objetivo de la Investigación: Entender la importancia de distintos inputs en las distintas etapas de la toma de decisión del consumidor. Etapas: Búsqueda de información; Evaluación de alternativas y drivers de decisión de compra; Evaluación post-compra.Publication Business with Purpose and the Rise of the Fourth Sector in Ibero-America : The world will fail to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals — here's how purpose-driven companies can fix that(IE University, 2019-10-04) Rubio, Diego; Azevedo, Carlos; Blanco Estévez, Adrián; Berrelleza Rendón, Mildred Daniela; Caballero, Sybil; Cabral, Sandro; Castelao Caruana, María Eugenia; Godoy, Pedro de; Gutiérrez, Diana Carolina; Miranda, Paula; Pires de Almeida, Filipa; Sánchez Álvarez, César; Vasconcellos, Lígia; Zózimo, Ricardo; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75With stagnating growth rates, increasing inequality and unwavering pollution rates across the developing and developed world, it is clearer than ever that our current economic framework, developed late in the 19th century, is under severe stress. At the current pace, we will not meet the Sustainable Development Goals set in the 2030 Agenda, an agenda which explicitly relies on the commitment of the private sector to succeed. We must all contribute to rethinking the functioning of the market and give it a new purpose. Only thus will we find a new development trajectory. Our current three-sector social and economic model (government, private sector and NGOs) is the place to start. This division seems to imply that businesses cannot have any other purpose than maximizing profit and shareholder value. But, as our study shows, this is not true. A new Fourth Sector of the economy, made up of for-social benefit and purpose-driven companies, is rising both in the world and in our region of Ibero-America; a region where roughly 10 % of the world’s population lives. The Fourth Sector represents 6 % of the total economy of the seven countries we have studied (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, México, Portugal and Spain), which, in turn, account for 87 % of total Ibero-American GDP. This new Sector employs almost 10 million workers annually. The reasons behind this rise are manifold, and in the present work many are discussed, including the birth of an innovative regulatory framework in some countries in the region. But we would like to highlight one in particular: the arrival of a new generation of consumers and entrepreneurs who, against all odds, have started to search for purpose beyond revenue. This, the fact that the rise of the Fourth Sector is partly organic, is very encouraging news. However, much more needs to be done. In this study, we set some guidelines of where action should be directed, and what policies should be enacted to make this new ecosystem thrives. Only if we succeed at carrying them forth will we be able to build that prosperous, inclusive and sustainable future to which our region is profoundly and explicitly committed. Only thus will our economies reflect the nature of our citizens’ values, and will we be able to address the deep challenges of the 21st century.Publication Can the EU Digital Markets Act achieve its goals?(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2022-06-21) Renda, Andrea; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Over the past few years, EU and national regulators accelerated their plans to regulate digital platforms. The EU is not alone in this quest, as many other jurisdictions around the world are considering various options for regulatory intervention in digital markets. Rather than being an ‘outlier’ on this issue, Europe has a chance to set new standards in this domain, which other countries may end up emulating. In this context, the proposed EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) represents a major endeavour to tackle the concentration of economic power in the hands of large-scale Tech companies. One of its most significant features is that it marks a transition from the traditional application of ex post antitrust rules, towards an entirely new ex ante regulatory scrutiny, aimed at systematically preventing possible abuses by those platforms that can be defined as gatekeepers of entire digital ecosystems. This paper explores the pros and cons of this shift, and discusses whether the proposed enforcement of the DMA, concentrated in the hands of the European Commission, is likely to prove sufficiently effective. The author assesses whether the DMA, together with other legislative proposals presented by the European Commission over the past few months (Data Governance Act, Data Act, Digital Services Act, Artificial Intelligence Act, etc.) will pave the way for a more economically and socially sustainable digital ecosystem in the years to come.Publication Case Study 2: The collaboration of deepmind health with moorfields eye hospital(IE University, 2020-12-28) Ahmad, Saif; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75In 2016, DeepMind Health began a collaboration with Moorfields Eye Hospital to assess whether deep learning techniques could be used to interpret optical coherence tomography scans (OCT) to help triage and diagnose the health of the retina in patients with visual problems. A landmark research paper was published in 2018 demonstrating that the deep learning method produces results comparable to those of experts in the field, and that this was generalizable across imaging devices. Importantly, DeepMind Health are focused on making it possible for clinicians to understand how the algorithm arrived at its conclusion [1]. DeepMind Health have also been mindful to promote a positive perception amongst clinicians and the wider public. How they have attempted to do this, and its effectiveness is the focus of this case study.Publication Case Study 3: Aitopya(IE University, 2020-12-28) Law, Samantha; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The use of artificial intelligence technologies within the healthcare setting is expanding, bringing challenges and triumphs, and disrupting the way healthcare is delivered. Clinical decision support systems are one such use of AI technology, which aim to use intelligent systems to solve complex problems and incorporate this into clinical decision making. This case study will explore the journey of a clinical decision support system in Sweden, from identifying a role for such innovation to evaluation and regulation challenges, guided by the experience of BYON8, an emerging health technology company within this space.Publication Case Study 4: AI in the fertility clinic(IE University, 2020-12-28) Cirkovic, Stevan; Halai, Dina; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Across fertility clinics in Europe, artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked hopes that it could standardize processes and improve outcomes. In this case study we explore how AI has already started to disrupt practice in the fertility lab, review the evidence supporting it, and look at how regulators have responded to challenges. Whatever advantages AI will bring to the fertility sector, the real yardstick for patients and regulators is whether using algorithms increases live birth rates versus standard IVF or not. Yet, often predictive abilities are confused for clinical benefit.Publication Chinese versus European entrepreneurship(IE University, 2019-04-14) Valdivieso, José Félix; https://ror.org/00c5kmy11Within the unfathomable solitude of the world, humanity is incapable of escaping the magical power wielded by the symbolism of the center. From the moment we each realize we don’t know exactly where it is we come from, it’s only logical we try desperately to connect with an afterlife that justifies our existence. Mircea Eliade summed up the architectural symbolism of the Center by pointing out that all cultures search for the Mountain or Sacred Temple that serves as Axis Mundi, the point where heaven, earth, and hell converge. The prevailing idea seems to be that if we can locate ourselves in the center, we can connect with the divine and will be saved, or at the very least we can mitigate our loneliness. This idea has manifested itself in various ways. In the West, there was a time when the Christian temple was a representation of the universe (imago mundi). In the East, the example of China is perhaps the best known: in Mandarin it is known as the Country of the Center ( 中国 the first character, zhōng (中) means “center”, and guó (国) means “country”)Publication Closing the Digital Skill Gap : The Potential of Online Platform Data For Active Labour Markets Policies(IE University, 2022-06-21) Stephany, Fabian; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The global challenge of rapidly changing skill requirements due to task automation is currently overwhelming workers, firms, and governments. Indeed, the digital skill gap continues to widen as technological and social transformation outpaces national education systems, and the precise skill requirements for mastering emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), remain opaque. For many newly emerging jobs, labour market mismatches occur as training lags behind workforce and industry needs. In this article, we report on how online user-generated data can provide useful foresight about skills requirements and training implications, showcasing how data from online labour platforms could help us to monitor and understand the complex system of skill formation. This data could allow us to establish a taxonomy of skills, understand their application and individual complementarity, and enable automated, individual, and far-sighted suggestions on the value of learning a new skill in a future of technological disruption. Policy recommendations are manifold. First, reskilling institutions, like the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, are a beneficiary of this highly individualised data. Workers with the need to reskill could be located in the data-based landscape of skills and would receive a targeted reskilling advice that allows them to switch to more sustainable occupations that are closely related to their existing skill set. Furthermore, official occupational and skill taxonomies could be improved with near real-time data, as conventional taxonomies currently struggle with the EC’s ambitious effort to define “AI jobs” and “green skills”. The European Commission’s 2022 Data Act1 acknowledges this versatile potential of online generated data. However, opening the Data Act towards data access practices via web-scraping and improving the legal security of data recipients would further facilitate the usage of data in the public interest.Publication Conocimientos y hábitos financieros de la población mayor en España(IE University, 2022-11-18) Sánchez Ruiz, Patricia; Cristina Silva, Ana; Núñez Letamendía, Laura; https://ror.org/00c5kmy11El cuarto informe del Observatorio del Ahorro Familiar analiza los hábitos, comportamientos y percepción de bienestar financiero de los adultos mayores en España, para entender y afrontar mejor el reto que supone el disfrute de una de las mayores longevidades del mundo, desde el punto de vista financiero. La población española de entre 55 y 64 años es la que más estrés financiero sufre, en contraste con el mayor bienestar financiero de la población jubilada.Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Going beyond the hype: how can digital currencies serve society?(IE University, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Since their inception in 2008 and the subsequent enthusiasm, media attention, delusion, reflection, and continuous innovation, ‘cryptocurrencies’ have become one of the most interesting and perhaps most misunderstood phenomena of the early 21st century. Their popularity and potential for ‘disrupting’ and improving traditional financial systems, however, have led to an expanding list of media commentaries, research papers, and policy reports. Unfortunately, many of these contributions have tended to focus on the contemporary positivist side of cryptocurrency without considering the normative intentions of its creators or, perhaps more importantly, the historical context under which money and monetary systems have evolved. These contributions have also tended to focus on digital money from a single disciplinary viewpoint (computer science, economics, finance) without a great deal of consideration or integration of the valuable inputs from other perspectives. The idea of money has evolved continously over time. In the context of the technological innovations of the 21st century, it has become a phenomenon with a wider range of feasible possibilities, some of which were in fact proposed as far back as the early 20th century. To give some idea of the new range of types of money, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a series of taxonomies including the ‘money flower’ and more general taxonomies that distinguish between central bank-issued currencies (which are a liability on the central bank balance sheet) and private-sector issued digital currencies (which are not the liability of anyone). Within this wider context, there exists a variety of types of money, each of which has different underlying characteristics, or attributes. Introduction/ Preface widely accessibleComplete reportPublication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in Argentina(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75It is hard to believe, but less than a century ago the US and Argentina were rivals, competing to become the economic powerhouse of the new world. In fact, a recent study by the Maddison Project1 indicates that, in the years of 1895 and 1896, Argentina was the country with the highest GDP per capita in the world. The economic fall of Argentina over the last century has been the focus of many studies in different areas of economics in what became known as the ‘Argentine Paradox’: when a developed country experiences a reversal, while the rest of the world is growing. Argentina has faced several crises over the last few decades. Between 1998-2002, Argentina went through the worst recession of its recent history. In December 2001, in a climate of political and social unrest, the country partially defaulted in its international obligations. In the following month, it abandoned the convertibility of the Argentine Peso to the US Dollar; a regime that had been in place since 1991.Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in Brazil(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Fiat money has had a complicated history in Latin America. Still, Brazil can be considered one of the success stories of the region. Because of mismanagement of government finances, Brazil faced a period of hyperinflation in the late 80s and early 90s. Different orthodox and unorthodox plans were attempted from 1986 to 1991, with no success in tackling inflation. Finally, in 1994 when inflation was hitting 5000% a year, a group of economists working in the ministry of finance managed to implement the ‘Plano Real’ and give credibility to its currency, the Brazilian Real. Since 1994, Brazil has lived a period of stability from a currency perspective and trust in the central bank. The country has now lived for more than 25 years of fairly stable inflation and the Brazilian Real still maintains the same denomination that it had in 1994, making the it the longest living currency the country has had since its imperial money.Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in France(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The euro was established by the provisions of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, and is now the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union, including France. It has replaced the previous French currency, French franc, which ceased to be convertible to euros by 2012. As of today, the euro is the secondlargest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the US dollar. The euro has even surpassed the US dollar and become the currency with the highest values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world. From the charts below, we can see that money supply and consumer prices, in both pre and post euro eras, have experienced a fairly stable increase over the 1980–2018 period.Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in Germany(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The euro was established by the provisions of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, and is now the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union, including Germany. It has replaced the previous German currency, Deutsche mark, which ceased to be convertible to euros by 2002. As of today, the euro is the secondlargest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the US dollar. The euro has even surpassed the US dollar and become the currency with the highest values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 below, the supply of money since 1980 (during both pre and post euro periods) and has a steady increase with stable increase in consumer prices (CPI)Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in Mexico(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75As official legal tender in Mexico, Canada and the United States until the mid-1800s, the Mexican Peso is one of the oldest currencies in North America. Today, Mexico’s currency is the 15th most traded in the world, and is the the most traded of all Latin American countries1 . This reflects the strength of both the Mexican economy and it’s currency. The current denomination of the Mexican Peso comes from 1993, when, after the high inflation of the late 80s, president Carlos Gortari stripped three zeros from the Peso creating the Nuevo Peso (New Peso). In 1996, the word Nuevo (new) was removed and the currency was once again named Peso (without changing its denomination). Although Mexico faced periods of high inflation during the mid-90s, with almost 35% of annual inflation in 1995 and 1996, this can’t be compared with the hyperinflation of other Latin American countries (Argentina and Brazil) during the 90s. Therefore, we can say that, overall, since the implementation of the New Peso in 1993, Mexico’s currency has been fairly stable, helping to boost the country’s economic development in the 21st centuryPublication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in Spain(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75The euro was established by the provisions of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, and is now the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union, including Spain. It has replaced the previous Spanish currency, Spanish peseta, which will cease to be convertible to euros by 2020. As of today, the euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the US dollar. The euro has even surpassed the US dollar and become the currency with the highest values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world. As can be seen in the figures below, the supply of money since 1980 (during both pre and post euro periods) and has a steady increase with stable increase in consumer prices (CPI).Publication Cryptocurrencies and the future of money. Money and trust in the UK(IE Center for the Governance of Change, 2020-03-27) Seiferling, Mike; Ahmed, Thamin; ElBahrawy, Abeer Yehia; Chan, Keith; Padilha, Tales; https://ror.org/02jjdwm75Much like the US Dollar, the British Pound has a unique place in the world. The is largely due to a combination of a long lived and “robust institutional framework” and the sterling’s monopoly as legal tender in the UK which “sets a very high bar for competing forms of money to dislodge sterling.” (Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England)1 . We can see evidence of this responsibly managed money growth in the fiat currency era and stable inflation in the figures below.